Antibiotic susceptibility profile for A. hydrophila Ah17 was determined by the Kirby‐Bauer disk diffusion method (Bauer, Kirby, Sherris, & Turck, 1966 ). The following antibiotics were tested: Amikacin (AK: 30 μg), Amoxicillin (AMC: 30 μg), Ampicillin (AMP: 10 μg), Azithromycin (AZM: 15 μg), Cefixime (CFM: 5 μg), Cefoperazone (CPZ: 75 μg), Cefpodoxime (CPD: 10 μg), Ciprofloxacin (CIP: 5 μg), Chlorompenicol (C: 30 μg), Clarithromycin (CLR: 15 μg), Co‐Trimoxazole (COT: 25 μg), Doxycycline hydrochloride (DO: 30 μg), Fosfomycin (FO: 200 μg), Fusidic acid (FC: 10 μg), Gentamicin (GEN: 10 μg), Imipenem (IPM: 10 μg), Kanamycin (K: 30 μg), Linezolid (LZ: 30 μg), Methicillin (MET: 5 μg), Minocycline (MI: 30 μg), Nalidixic acid (NA: 30 μg), Nitrofurantoin (NIT: 300 μg), Norfloxacin (NX: 10 μg), Penicillin G (P: 10 μg), Pristinomycin (RP: 15 μg), Rifampicin (RIF: 5 μg), Streptomycin (S: 10 μg), Teicoplanin (TEI: 30 μg), Tetracycline (TE: 30 μg), Trimethoprim (TR: 5 μg), Tobramycin (TOB: 10 μg), and Vancomycin (VA: 30 μg) (HiMedia). 200 μl of A. hydrophila Ah17 suspension was swabbed on Mueller‐Hinton agar (MHA) medium (HiMedia) and kept for drying. Antibiotic discs were placed on the MHA medium and incubated at 37°C for 24–48 hr. The diameter of the zone of inhibition was measured, and susceptibility was categorized according to the manufacturer's protocol.
Methicillin
Manufactured by HiMedia
Sourced in India
Methicillin is a type of antibiotic medication used in laboratory settings. It is a synthetic penicillin derivative that functions as an antimicrobial agent.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Amikacin, by HiMedia (5 mentions)
Penicillin g, by HiMedia (5 mentions)
Ampicillin, by HiMedia (4 mentions)
Tetracycline, by HiMedia (4 mentions)
Cefotaxime, by HiMedia (4 mentions)
Chloramphenicol, by HiMedia (4 mentions)
Streptomycin, by HiMedia (3 mentions)
Vancomycin, by HiMedia (3 mentions)
Ciprofloxacin, by HiMedia (2 mentions)
Kanamycin, by HiMedia (2 mentions)
Trimethoprim, by HiMedia (2 mentions)
Amoxicillin, by HiMedia (2 mentions)
Azithromycin, by HiMedia (2 mentions)
Levofloxacin, by HiMedia (2 mentions)
Polymyxin b, by HiMedia (2 mentions)
Cefepime, by HiMedia (2 mentions)
Cefoxitin, by HiMedia (2 mentions)
Cefazolin, by HiMedia (2 mentions)
Teicoplanin, by HiMedia (1 mentions)
Clarithromycin, by HiMedia (1 mentions)
9 protocols using methicillin
1
Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiling of A. hydrophila
2
Antibiotic Susceptibility of Equine Pathogens
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All the isolates of S. equi subsp. equi, S. zooepidemicus, and R. equi were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity test by disc diffusion method [17 (link)] using five antimicrobials, amoxiciin – 30 µg, penicillin G - 25 U, amikacin - 30 µg, streptomycin - 10 µg, and methicillin - 5 µg (Himedia, Mumbai, India). The antibiotic sensitivity assay was performed on 5% sheep blood agar. Two to three bacterial colonies were picked from culture plate and inoculated in the BHI and incubated at 37°C for 6 h. A sterile cotton swab was dipped in the BHI, and swab was inoculated by lawn method on 5% sheep blood agar. The test antibiotic discs were dispensed by antibiotic disc dispenser (Himedia, Mumbai, India).
3
Biochemical and Antibiotic Resistance Profiling
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To determine the biochemical properties, IMViC, citrate, catalase, and sugar fermentation assays were performed as described in Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology [21 ]. Resistance to 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th generation antibiotic discs, that is, nalidixic acid (NA, 30 µg) and tetracycline (TE, 30 µg); norfloxacin (NX, 10 µg) and cefuroxime (CXM, 30 µg); cefotaxime (CTX, 30 µg), levofloxacin (LE, 5 µg) and ceftazidime (CAZ, 30 µg); and methicillin (MET, 5 µg) (Hi-media, Mumbai, India) was investigated and interpreted as per the CLSI guidelines (2016).
4
Antibiotic Susceptibility of LAB Strains
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LAB strains of approximately 108 CFU were subjected to eight antibiotics in MRS agar plates and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. The antibiotics used were Ampicillin(AMP)-10 mcg/disc, Methicillin(MET)-5 mcg/disc, Trimethoprim(TR)-5 mcg/disc, Amoxyclav(AMC)-30 mcg/disc, Polymyxin B(PB)-300 units/disc, Penicillin G(P)-10 units/disc, Erythromycin(E)-10 mcg/disc, and Rifampicin(RIF)-5 mcg/disc obtained from Hi-Media, Mumbai, India. The zone diameter inhibition (ZDI) values were measured and interpreted according to the CLSI criteria following the method adopted from [37 (link),38 ].
5
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing Protocol
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The antibiotic susceptibility test was conducted using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method [37 (link)]. The standard antibiotic discs were procured from ‘HiMedia, Mumbai, India, which include polymyxin-B (300 µg), amoxiclav (30 µg), rifampicin (5 µg), tetracycline (30 µg), oxacillin (5 µg), amikacin (30 µg), cefoxitin (30 µg), cefepime (30 µg), ceftazidime (30 µg), cefotaxime (30 µg), chloramphenicol (30 µg), cefdinir (5 µg), penicillin g (10 µg), moxifloxacin (5 µg), ampicillin (10 µg), vancomycin (30 µg), ceftriaxone (30 µg), neomycin (10 µg), ofloxacin (5 µg), norfloxacin (10 µg), kanamycin (30 µg), bacitracin (10 µg), co-trimoxazole (25 µg), methicillin (10 µg), streptomycin (10 µg), levofloxacin (5 µg), erythromycin (15 µg), clindamycin (2 µg), gentamycin (120 µg), and sterile disc (control). The antibiotic discs were placed onto the freshly prepared lawns of each isolate on Mueller–Hinton agar (MHA) plates. The plates were incubated at 40 °C for 24–48 h, and the diameter of the zone of inhibition was measured in millimetres. The strains were classified in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute [38 ], following the standard antibiotic disc chart.
6
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing Protocol
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Antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) was performed following the modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method using CLSI guidelines (2016) as a reference [17 ]. A total of 13 different commonly prescribed antibiotics (tetracycline (30 µg), imipenem (10 µg), chloramphenicol (30 µg), ciprofloxacin (5 µg), gentamycin (10 µg), azithromycin (15 µg), methicillin (5 µg), ceftazidime (30 µg), cefotaxime (30 µg), cefepime (30 µg), amikacin (30 µg), aztreonam (30 µg), and levofloxacin (5 µg)) procured from Hi-Media, India, were used for susceptibility testing.
7
Antibiotic Resistance Profiling of E. coli and K. pneumoniae
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The bacterial strains E. coli and K. pneumoniae were made available from Medwin Hospital, Nampalli, Hyderabad in India. The resistance patterns of these bacterial strains were determined using the antibiotics ceftazidime (CAZ 30 mcg), cepfodoxime (CEP 10 mcg), amoxicillin (AM 30 mcg), novobiocin (NV 30 mcg), rifampicin (RIF 5 mcg), erythromycin (E 15 mcg), amikacin (AK 30 mcg), methicillin (MET 5 mcg), vancomycin (VA 30 mcg) and penicillin (P 10 units) adopting disk diffusion test (Himedia, India).
8
Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing via Disc Diffusion
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The disc diffusion method was used to perform the antibiotic sensitivity test as recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute [14] . Different groups of antimicrobial drugs were used containing a designated amount of drug (HiMedia, India), including vancomycin (30µg), methicillin (10µg), amoxicillin (10µg), ticarcillin (75µg), penicillin G (10U), erythromycin (15µg), clindamycin (2µg), amikacin (10µg), streptomycin (10µg), gentamicin (10µg), cefazolin (30µg), chloramphenicol (30µg), cefoxitin (30µg), tetracycline (30µg), ce xime (5µg), and cipro oxacin (5µg). Using an antibiotic zone scale (Himedia, India), the zone of inhibition was measured in millimeters after 24 hours of incubation.
9
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing Protocol
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The antibiotics selected in this study were as follows: penicillin-G 10 units/disc, ampicillin 10 μg/disc, cefotaxime 30 μg/disc, cephalothin 30 μg/disc, erythromycin 15 μg/disc, cefazolin 30 μg/disc, chloramphenicol 30 μg/disc, and methicillin 5 μg/disc (HiMedia). A single colony was picked from 24-h culture BHI agar plate and inoculated into BHI broth. [ 17 ] The test tubes were incubated at 37°C for 24 h. The inoculum was then adjusted to match the turbidity of 0.5 McFarland standards (HiMedia). The test organism was aseptically swabbed on BHI agar using a sterile cotton swab. [ 18 ] The plates were kept for 10 min to dry, and then antibiotic discs were aseptically placed on the inoculated BHI agar. The plates were anaerobically incubated at 37°C for 24 h. The inhibition zones were measured in millimeter (mm). The experiment was performed in triplicate and repeated to confirm the reliability and reproducibility.
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