Iron (II) stearate (Strem Chemicals, Bischheim, France, 9% Fe), ethanol, acetone, and hexane from Alfa Aesar were used without purification. Octyl ether (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint-Quentin-Fallavier, France, 99%) and oleic acid (90%, Alfa Aesar, Kandel, Germany) were distilled under reduced pressure. The purity of Octyl ether was controlled by gas chromatography. Toluene (Carlo Erba, Val de Reuil, France, 99.9%) and anhydrous THF (Carlo Erba, Val de Reuil, France, 99.9%) were refluxed and distilled over sodium and sodium/benzophenone, respectively. Copper (I) bromide (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint-Quentin-Fallavier, France, 98%), N,N,N′N″,N″-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA, Sigma-Aldrich, Saint-Quentin-Fallavier, France, 99%), ethyl-2-bromoisobutyrate (Alfa Aesar, Kandel, Germany, 98%), and Anisole (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint-Quentin-Fallavier, France, 99%) were used without purification. Styrene (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint-Quentin-Fallavier, France, 99%) was distilled over sodium under reduced pressure. Methyl methacrylate (Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium) was purified by column chromatography on basic aluminum oxide (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint-Quentin-Fallavier, France). 11-Phosphonoundecyl 2-bromo-2-methyl-propionate (MW = 401.28 g/mol) as an ATRP initiator with a C11 spacer was synthetized in the laboratory, following the experimental method reported by Maliakal et al. [18 (link)].
Toluene
Manufactured by Carlo Erba
Sourced in Italy
Toluene is a clear, colorless liquid organic compound with the chemical formula C₇H₈. It is a member of the aromatic hydrocarbon family and is used as a solvent and in the production of other chemicals.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Oleylamine, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Octadecene, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Methanol, by Carlo Erba (5 mentions)
Oleic acid, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Chloroform, by Carlo Erba (4 mentions)
Ethanol, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Hydrobromic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
N hexane, by Carlo Erba (2 mentions)
Tin 2 chloride, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
1 octadecene, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
2 propanol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Copper chloride, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Cadmium iodide, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Toluene, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Ethanol, by Strem Chemicals (2 mentions)
Paraformaldehyde (pfa), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Hexane, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Diethyl ether, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
4 4 isopropylidenediphenol bisphenol a, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
21 protocols using toluene
1
Synthesis of Polymer-Grafted Surfaces
2
Ultrastructural Observation of Cell Monolayers
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For ultrastructural observation, cell monolayers were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde (Electron Microscopy Science, Pennsylvania, USA) and in 0.1% cacodylate buffer (Electron Microscopy Science), postfixed in 1% osmium tetroxide (Electron Microscopy Science) and then treated with 1% tannic acid (Acros Organics, New Jersey, NJ, USA). Dehydrated in ethanol (Carlo Erba), cells were detached from the plastic dish by a brief treatment in 1% toluene (Carlo Erba). The pelleted monolayer was then incubated in a solution of 50% toluene and 50% EPON 812 (Electron Microscopy Science) and finally processed for conventional EPON 812 embedding. Ultra-thin sections were cut in a Leica Ultracut R ultramicrotome, contrasted for 10 min in 1% acid tannic and successively in 1% lead hydroxide (Società Italiana Chimici, Rome, Italy) and then viewed in a Hitachi 7000 transmission electron microscope.
3
Synthesis of Lead Halide Perovskites
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Lead(II)
bromide (PbBr2, 99.999%
trace metals basis), lead(II) iodide (PbI2, 99.999% trace
metals basis), cesium carbonate (Cs2CO3, reagentPlus,
99%), iodine (I2, 99.99%), hydrochloric acid (HCl, ACS
reagent, ≥37%), hydriodic acid (HI, 57 wt % in H2O), hydrobromic acid (HBr, 48 wt % in H2O, ≥ 99.99%), octadecene
(ODE, technical grade, 90%), oleylamine (OLAM, 70%), and oleic acid
(OA, 90%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Toluene (TOL, anhydrous,
99.8%) was bought from Carlo Erba reagents. All chemicals were used
without any further purification, except for OLAM, OA, and ODE, which
were degassed at 100 °C for 2 h in vacuum.
bromide (PbBr2, 99.999%
trace metals basis), lead(II) iodide (PbI2, 99.999% trace
metals basis), cesium carbonate (Cs2CO3, reagentPlus,
99%), iodine (I2, 99.99%), hydrochloric acid (HCl, ACS
reagent, ≥37%), hydriodic acid (HI, 57 wt % in H2O), hydrobromic acid (HBr, 48 wt % in H2O, ≥ 99.99%), octadecene
(ODE, technical grade, 90%), oleylamine (OLAM, 70%), and oleic acid
(OA, 90%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Toluene (TOL, anhydrous,
99.8%) was bought from Carlo Erba reagents. All chemicals were used
without any further purification, except for OLAM, OA, and ODE, which
were degassed at 100 °C for 2 h in vacuum.
4
Synthesis of Lead-Based Perovskite Materials
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Lead(II) chloride (PbCl2, 99.999%
trace metals basis), lead(II) bromide (PbBr2, 99.999% trace
metals basis), lead(II) iodide (PbI2, 99.999% trace metals
basis), cesium carbonate (Cs2CO3, reagentPlus,
99%), tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI, reagentPlus, ≥97.0%),
tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBABr, reagentPlus, ≥99.0%), tetrabutylammonium
chloride (TBACl, ≥97.0%), iodine (I2, 99.99%), methylamine
solution (33 wt % in absolute EtOH), absolute ethanol (EtOH, ACS reagent,
≥99.8%), octadecylamine (ODA, 97%), hydrochloric acid (HCl,
ACS reagent, ≥37%), hydriodic acid (HI, 57 wt % in H2O), hydrobromic acid (HBr, 48 wt % in H2O, ≥99.99%),
octadecene (ODE, technical grade, 90%), oleylamine (OLAM, 70%), trichloroisocyanuric
acid (TCICA, technical, ≥95%) and oleic acid (OA, 90%) were
purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Chloroform (CHCl3, anhydrous,
99.95%) and toluene (TOL, anhydrous, 99.8%) were purchased from Carlo
Erba reagents. All chemicals were used without any further purification,
except for OLAM, OA, and ODE, which were degassed at 100 °C for
2 h under vacuum.
trace metals basis), lead(II) bromide (PbBr2, 99.999% trace
metals basis), lead(II) iodide (PbI2, 99.999% trace metals
basis), cesium carbonate (Cs2CO3, reagentPlus,
99%), tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI, reagentPlus, ≥97.0%),
tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBABr, reagentPlus, ≥99.0%), tetrabutylammonium
chloride (TBACl, ≥97.0%), iodine (I2, 99.99%), methylamine
solution (33 wt % in absolute EtOH), absolute ethanol (EtOH, ACS reagent,
≥99.8%), octadecylamine (ODA, 97%), hydrochloric acid (HCl,
ACS reagent, ≥37%), hydriodic acid (HI, 57 wt % in H2O), hydrobromic acid (HBr, 48 wt % in H2O, ≥99.99%),
octadecene (ODE, technical grade, 90%), oleylamine (OLAM, 70%), trichloroisocyanuric
acid (TCICA, technical, ≥95%) and oleic acid (OA, 90%) were
purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Chloroform (CHCl3, anhydrous,
99.95%) and toluene (TOL, anhydrous, 99.8%) were purchased from Carlo
Erba reagents. All chemicals were used without any further purification,
except for OLAM, OA, and ODE, which were degassed at 100 °C for
2 h under vacuum.
5
Analytical Protocol for PCDD/Fs and PCBs
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Ethyl-acetate, toluene, and n-hexane were purchased from Carlo Erba Reagents (Milan, Italy); nonane from Promochem (LGC Standards, Teddington, UK) and dichloromethane from Romil Ltd. (Cambridge, UK). All solvents were picograde.
Pre-packed multi-layer silica, alumina, and carbon columns were produced by FMS (Fluid Management System, Billerica, MA, USA). The 13C-labeled recovery, clean-up, and standard injection solutions were provided by CIL (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Andover, MA, USA). For PCDD/Fs, EDF-9999 Method 1613 calibration solutions (CS1-CS5) were used. For PCB calibration, an in-house curve was prepared using PCB MIX-75 (Dr. Ehrenstorfer, Augsburg, Germany) and 13C-labeled solutions EC-4995 and EC-4978 (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Andover, MA, USA).
All solvents and reagents used for the analyses were tested to ensure the absence of contaminants at the levels of interest (i.e., below one-fifth of the limit of quantification (LOQ) for PCDD/Fs and below one-tenth of the LOQ for dl-PCB and ndl-PCB).
Pre-packed multi-layer silica, alumina, and carbon columns were produced by FMS (Fluid Management System, Billerica, MA, USA). The 13C-labeled recovery, clean-up, and standard injection solutions were provided by CIL (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Andover, MA, USA). For PCDD/Fs, EDF-9999 Method 1613 calibration solutions (CS1-CS5) were used. For PCB calibration, an in-house curve was prepared using PCB MIX-75 (Dr. Ehrenstorfer, Augsburg, Germany) and 13C-labeled solutions EC-4995 and EC-4978 (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Andover, MA, USA).
All solvents and reagents used for the analyses were tested to ensure the absence of contaminants at the levels of interest (i.e., below one-fifth of the limit of quantification (LOQ) for PCDD/Fs and below one-tenth of the LOQ for dl-PCB and ndl-PCB).
6
Synthesis of Colloidal Nanoparticles
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Oleylamine (Olam, 70%), oleic acid (OAc,
90%), 1-octadecene (ODE, 90%), 1-dodecanethiol (DDT, ≥ 98%),
tin(II) chloride (SnCl2, 98%), tin(IV) bis(acetylacetonate)
dichloride (SnAc2Cl2, 98%), and tetrachloroethylene
anhydrous (TCE, ≥99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Copper(I)
chloride (CuCl, 99.999%), selenium powder (Se, 99.99%), and tri-n-octylphosphine
(TOP, min. 97%) were purchased from Strem Chemicals. Anhydrous methanol,
toluene, and isopropanol were purchased from Carlo Erba. All chemicals
were used without further purification.
90%), 1-octadecene (ODE, 90%), 1-dodecanethiol (DDT, ≥ 98%),
tin(II) chloride (SnCl2, 98%), tin(IV) bis(acetylacetonate)
dichloride (SnAc2Cl2, 98%), and tetrachloroethylene
anhydrous (TCE, ≥99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Copper(I)
chloride (CuCl, 99.999%), selenium powder (Se, 99.99%), and tri-n-octylphosphine
(TOP, min. 97%) were purchased from Strem Chemicals. Anhydrous methanol,
toluene, and isopropanol were purchased from Carlo Erba. All chemicals
were used without further purification.
7
Toluene-Based Spectroscopic Characterization
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Toluene (Carlo Erba) and
solvents in general were used after distillation and stored under
molecular sieves (4 Å) and an inert atmosphere. 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and all 2D NMR spectra were recorded using a 400 MHz
Bruker nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer. HRMS spectra were
recorded using a Bruker, MicroTOF-Q II equipment, operated with an
ESI source in the positive/negative mode, using nitrogen as a nebulizing
and drying gas and 10 mM sodium formate as an internal standard. A
gas chromatographic analysis was performed using a Varian GC with
a flame ionization detector, which was equipped with a VF-5 MS, 30
m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 mm column. GC–MS analyses were
carried out on a Shimadzu GC–MS QP5050 spectrometer, employing
a 30 m, 0.12 mm DB-5 MS column.
solvents in general were used after distillation and stored under
molecular sieves (4 Å) and an inert atmosphere. 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and all 2D NMR spectra were recorded using a 400 MHz
Bruker nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer. HRMS spectra were
recorded using a Bruker, MicroTOF-Q II equipment, operated with an
ESI source in the positive/negative mode, using nitrogen as a nebulizing
and drying gas and 10 mM sodium formate as an internal standard. A
gas chromatographic analysis was performed using a Varian GC with
a flame ionization detector, which was equipped with a VF-5 MS, 30
m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 mm column. GC–MS analyses were
carried out on a Shimadzu GC–MS QP5050 spectrometer, employing
a 30 m, 0.12 mm DB-5 MS column.
8
Synthesis of Lead-Halide Perovskite
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Lead(II) bromide (PbBr2, 99.999%
trace metals basis), cesium carbonate (Cs2CO3, reagentPlus, 99%), butylamine (BuAm, 99.5%), 2-propanol (iPrOH,
anhydrous, 99.5%), propionic acid (PrAc, ≥ 99.5%), and n-hexane (HEX 99.5%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
Toluene (TOL, anhydrous, 99.8%) was purchased from Carlo Erba reagents.
All chemicals were used without any further purification.
trace metals basis), cesium carbonate (Cs2CO3, reagentPlus, 99%), butylamine (BuAm, 99.5%), 2-propanol (iPrOH,
anhydrous, 99.5%), propionic acid (PrAc, ≥ 99.5%), and n-hexane (HEX 99.5%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
Toluene (TOL, anhydrous, 99.8%) was purchased from Carlo Erba reagents.
All chemicals were used without any further purification.
9
Perovskite Nanocrystal Synthesis Methods
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Lead(II) bromide (PbBr2, 99.999%
trace metals basis), cesium carbonate (Cs2CO3, reagentPlus, 99%), cesium bromide (CsBr, 99.9%), tetrabutylammonium
chloride (TBACl, ≥97.0%), iodine (I2, 99.99%), hydrobromic
acid (HBr, 48 wt% in H2O, ≥99.99%), 1-octadecene
(ODE, technical grade, 90%), oleylamine (OLAM, 70%), oleic acid (OA,
90%), acetone (AcO, anhydrous, 99.8%), ethanol (EtOH, ≥99.8),
2-Propanol, (IsoP, anhydrous, 99.5%), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, ACS
reagent ≥99.9%), and N,N-dimethylformamide
(DMF, anhydrous, 99.8%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Toluene
(TOL, anhydrous, 99.8%) was bought from Carlo Erba reagents. All chemicals
were used without any further purification.
trace metals basis), cesium carbonate (Cs2CO3, reagentPlus, 99%), cesium bromide (CsBr, 99.9%), tetrabutylammonium
chloride (TBACl, ≥97.0%), iodine (I2, 99.99%), hydrobromic
acid (HBr, 48 wt% in H2O, ≥99.99%), 1-octadecene
(ODE, technical grade, 90%), oleylamine (OLAM, 70%), oleic acid (OA,
90%), acetone (AcO, anhydrous, 99.8%), ethanol (EtOH, ≥99.8),
2-Propanol, (IsoP, anhydrous, 99.5%), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, ACS
reagent ≥99.9%), and N,N-dimethylformamide
(DMF, anhydrous, 99.8%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Toluene
(TOL, anhydrous, 99.8%) was bought from Carlo Erba reagents. All chemicals
were used without any further purification.
10
Synthesis of Metal Chalcogenide Nanocrystals
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Copper
chloride (CuCl, anhydrous, 99.99%),
copper(II) acetate monohydrate (C4H6CuO4·H2O, 99.99% trace metals basis), cadmium
iodide (CdI2, 99.990%), mercury bromide (HgBr2, 99.9%), oleylamine (OM, >70%), and octadecene (ODE, 90%) were
purchased
from Sigma-Aldrich. Elemental sulfur (99%) was obtained from Strem
Chemicals, and methanol (anhydrous, 99.9%) and toluene (anhydrous,
99.8%) were from Carlo Erba reagents. All chemicals were used as received
without further purification.
chloride (CuCl, anhydrous, 99.99%),
copper(II) acetate monohydrate (C4H6CuO4·H2O, 99.99% trace metals basis), cadmium
iodide (CdI2, 99.990%), mercury bromide (HgBr2, 99.9%), oleylamine (OM, >70%), and octadecene (ODE, 90%) were
purchased
from Sigma-Aldrich. Elemental sulfur (99%) was obtained from Strem
Chemicals, and methanol (anhydrous, 99.9%) and toluene (anhydrous,
99.8%) were from Carlo Erba reagents. All chemicals were used as received
without further purification.
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