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Benzyl alcohol

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Benzyl alcohol is a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic mild aromatic odor. It is a commonly used solvent and preservative in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and personal care products. Benzyl alcohol serves as a key ingredient in the formulation of various products, providing specific functional properties.

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22 protocols using benzyl alcohol

1

Analytical Standards for Aroma Profiling

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The standards 2-hexanone, benzeneacetaldehyde, linalool, linalool oxides, phenylethyl alcohol, 4-oxoisophorone, menthol, α-terpineol, safranal, geraniol, indole, and 2-ethyl-3-methylpyrazine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co., Ltd. (St. Louis, MO, USA). The standards, 1-ethylpyrrole, benzyl alcohol, 1,2-dimethoxybenzene, 3,4-dimethoxytoluene, 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene, 1,2,4-trimethoxybenzene, trans-β-ionone, 2,4-ditert- butylphenol, and dihydroactinidiolide were obtained from Alfa Aesar Co., Ltd. (Heysham, Lancashire, UK). A standard series of C8–C20 alkanes were used for retention index (RI) determination, and the internal standard cyclohexanone were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co., Ltd. (St. Louis, Mo, USA). Other reagents were all of analytical grade and obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).
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2

Analytical Examination of E-Cigarette Flavors

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Eight e-cigarette flavors previously identified and measured in e-cigarette fluid by Tierney et. al. (2016) (link) study: Bubble Gum, Coffee, Cotton Candy, French Vanilla, Grape, nicotine (24 mg/mL), Unflavored, and 555 were ordered online from Mt. Baker Vapor (Lynden, WA; https://www.mtbakervapor.com/) (Tierney et al., 2016 (link)). Each cartridge had a total volume of 15 mL, and each flavor contained 12 mg/mL of nicotine, except for the nicotine (24 mg/mL) and Unflavored (0 mg/mL) cartridges. We received an additional flavor as a gift with our order: Banana Crème Pie; which was not included in the Tierney study (Tierney et al., 2016 (link)). Analytical grade glycerine (≥99%), propylene glycol (≥99%), nicotine (≥99%), DMSO (≥99.5%), cinnamaldehyde (≥95%), ethyl butyrate (≥99%), ethyl vanillin (≥98%), maltol (≥98.5%), and vanillin (99%) were ordered from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) [See Table 1 for CAS]. Benzyl alcohol (99%) and ethyl acetate (≥99%) were ordered from Alfa Aesar (Haverhill, MA). All chemical constituents listed in Table 1, were solubilized in 100% dimethyl sulfoxide, and the maximum DMSO concentration in the exposure solutions was 0.64%.
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3

UHPLC Chromatographic Analysis of Nucleosides and Non-Polar Compounds

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All chromatographic analyses were performed using the Shimadzu Nexera UHPLC system (Kioto, Japan). This chromatograph is equipped with a binary solvent delivery system (LC-30AD), an autosampler with a 20 µL volume loop (SIL-20AC), a column thermostat (CTO20AC), and a diode-array UC-detector (SPD-M20A). LabSolution LC/GC 5.65 software (Shimadzu, Kioto, Japan) was used to collect and process data and control the apparatus. Acetonitrile (ACN) (HPLC Grade) and methanol (MeOH) (HPLC Grade) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Packaging solvents, isopropanol, and methanol were purchased from J.T. Baker, Deventer, the Netherlands. Water was prepared with a Milli-Q Water Purification System (Millipore Corporation, Bedford, MA, USA). Standards of nucleosides—adenosine, guanosine, uridine—were obtained from Applichem (Darmstadt, Germany). Non-polar compounds—naphthalene, benzene, phenanthrene, caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine—were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). For the synthesis of stationary phases (3-glycidoxypropyl) trimethoxysilane, decanol, octadecanol, cholesterol, benzyl alcohol, and phosphorus chloride were used, which were purchased from Alfa Aesar (Karlsruhe, Germany). Haskel (Burbank, CA, USA) laboratory equipment and packing pump were used to pack the stationary phases into 125 × 4.6 mm long empty columns.
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4

Volatile Compound Profiling of Botanicals

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Standard 2-hexanone, 1H-1-ethyl-pyrrole, benzeneacetaldehyde, cis-linalool oxide, trans-linalool oxide, linalool, 3-octen-2-ol, phenylethyl alcohol, α-terpineol, safranal, camphene, geraniol, indole, 3-hexanol, hexanal, 1-octanol and 2,5-dimethylpyrazine were purchased from Sigma Co. Ltd. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Benzyl alcohol, trans-β-damascenone, trans-β-ionone, 2, 4-ditert-butylphenol, cedrol and caryophyllene oxide were purchased from Alfa Aesar Co. Ltd. (Heysham, Lancashire, UK). Standard chemical series of C8-C20 alkanes that were used to determine the liner retention index (RI) and the internal standard (Cyclohexanone) were obtained from Sigma Co. Ltd. (St. Louis, MO, USA). The other chemicals were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China).
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5

Polar Embedded Stationary Phases Synthesis

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A series of polar embedded stationary phases that contain phosphate and hydrophobic functional groups were tested. As a support for the synthesis, the Kromasil 100 silica gel (Akzo Nobel, Bohus, Sweden) was used. For the comparison, some stationary phases were also synthesized on Luna (Phenomenex, Torrance, CA, USA). Detailed characteristic of silica gels used for synthesis is presented in Table 2.
Four phosphodiester bonded stationary phases were tested. Structures of the materials are shown in Figure 3.
The properties of the stationary phases are listed in Table 3. Two Diol-P-C10 were synthesized on two different supports: Kromasil and Luna.
Reagents for the stationary phase synthesis: (3-glicidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane, decanol, octadecanol, cholesterol, benzyl alcohol, and phosphoryl chloride were purchased from Alfa Aesar (Karlsruhe, Germany). Organic solvents used during synthesis: toluene, methanol, and hexane were ACS grade, purchased from Avantor Performance Materials (Center Valley, PA, USA).
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6

Preparation and Purification of Organic Compounds

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Unless otherwise noted, the following reagents were prepared as described below. Acetone (reagent ACS/USP/NF grade, Pharmco, Brookfield, CT, USA) was dried under activated 3 Å sieves (Powder, Beantown Chemical, Hudson, NH, USA) before use. 3,4,4′-Trichlorocarbanilide (TCC, >98%, Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Toshima, Kita-Ku, Tokyo, Japan) was recrystallized in dry acetone before use. Benzene (ACS 99.0%, Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA, USA), benzyl alcohol (Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA, USA), and ethyl acetate (GR ACS, EMD Milipore Corp., Billerica, MA, USA) were each dried under activated 4 Å sieves (Beads, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) before use. Lactide (>98.0%, Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Toshima, Kita-Ku, Tokyo, Japan) was recrystallized in dry ethyl acetate before use. All other materials were used as received.
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7

Methylamine-modified Benzene Dicarboxylate Synthesis

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CO2 (>99.95%) was provided by Beijing Analysis Instrument Factory. DMF and trifluoroacetate were provided by Beijing Chemical Reagent Company. DMA and NMP were purchased from J&K Scientific Co., Ltd. Cu(OAc)2·H2O (A. R. Grade) was purchased from Alfa Aesar. H3BTC (purity 95%) was provided by Aldrich. Benzene dicarboxylic acid (H2BDC, 98%), MnCl2 (97%), methyl ammonium (30 wt% H2O2), benzyl alcohol (99%), cinnamyl alcohol (98%) and TEMPO (purity 98%) were supplied by Alfa Aesar. 3-Nitrobenzyl alcohol, 4-methylbenzyl alcohol and 3,3′,5,5′-tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)benzhydrol (purity 97%) were purchased from J&K Scientific Co., Ltd. Sodium carbonate was provided by Beijing Chemical Reagent Company. The methyl ammonium salt of the ligand H2BDC was made by dissolving the benzene dicarboxylic acid in a 40 wt % solution of methyl amine in water. The excess methyl amine and water were evaporated under reduced pressure, and the isolated salt was then redissolved in distilled water to give an aqueous solution of desired concentration.
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8

Synthesis of Lithium Niobate Nanocomposites

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All the chemicals were of analytical grade and were used as received without further purification. Niobium ethoxide [Nb(OC2H5)5, >90%] was obtained from Gelest Inc., and lithium acetylacetonate ([Li(acac)], 99.5%) and benzyl alcohol (99%) were purchased from Alfa Aesar and Acros Organics, respectively. Anhydrous ethanol and a crystalline lithium niobate powder (LiNbO3, 99.9%, to serve as a reference material) were obtained from Commercial Alcohols and Sigma Aldrich, respectively.
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9

Volatile Compounds Analysis in Wine

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Ultrapure 18.3 MΩ⋅cm water used for these experiments was produced from a Zeneer Power III TOC system (Human Corp., Seoul, Korea). All the following reagents were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, unless stated otherwise, and were standard grade: butyl acetate, hexanal (Alfa Aesar, Haverhill, MA, USA), butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol (Alfa Aesar), (E)-hex-2-enal (Alfa Aesar), hexanol, (Z)-hex-3-en-1-ol (Alfa Aesar), nonanal, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, acetophenone, α-terpineol, benzyl alcohol, 2-phenylethanol, ethyl tetradecanoate, ethyl dodecanoate, methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate (Alfa Aesar), citronellol, ethyl decanoate, benzaldehyde (Alfa Aesar), ethyl octanoate, ethyl heptanoate, isoamyl acetate, limonene, 2-methyl-1-butanol, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl acetate, ethyl butanoate, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Franke, Italy), (NH4)2HPO4 (Franke, Italy), K2S2O5 (Franke, Italy), tartaric acid, polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (Alfa Aesar), sodium azide (Alfa Aesar), NaOH, Na2PO4(H2O)2, citric acid, HCl, 3-octanol, MeOH, CH2Cl2, β-glucosidase enzyme (Ecozim AROM, CRC Biotek, Roma, Italy), hydrocarbon mixture from C8–C23 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA).
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10

Choline Bicarbonate-based Nanoformulation

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Choline bicarbonate, geranic acid, SMB, poly(ethylene glycol) Mn 3350, boldine, N-methyl-pyrrolidinone, methanol (high-performance liquid chromatography [HPLC] grade, 99.8% purity), and acetonitrile (HPLC grade, 99.8% purity) were obtained from Millipore Sigma. D2O and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone-d9 were obtained from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories. Pierce formic acid, agarose (Thermo Fisher Scientific), and benzyl alcohol (Alfa Aesar) were used as received. APO hydrochloride was provided by Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, Ltd.
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