Shikimic acid and all antibiotics, including oxacillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, ceftiofur, carbenicillin, and cefoxitin, were purchased from Macklin (Shanghai, China). PI, DAPI, the ATP Assay Kit, the ROS Assay Kit, and the Alkaline Phosphatase Assay Kit, were purchased from Beyotime (Shanghai, China). The ELISA Kit was purchased from Elkbiotechnology (Denver, CO, USA).
Cefoxitin
Manufactured by Maclin Biochemical Technology
Sourced in China
Cefoxitin is a cephalosporin antibiotic used in the laboratory setting. It is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent effective against a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Amoxicillin, by Maclin Biochemical Technology (2 mentions)
Ampicillin, by Maclin Biochemical Technology (2 mentions)
Meropenem, by Maclin Biochemical Technology (2 mentions)
Ceftiofur, by Maclin Biochemical Technology (1 mentions)
Carbenicillin, by Maclin Biochemical Technology (1 mentions)
Elisa kit, by Elk Biotechnology (1 mentions)
Shikimic acid, by Maclin Biochemical Technology (1 mentions)
4 6 diamidino 2 phenylindole (dapi), by Beyotime (1 mentions)
Ros assay kit, by Beyotime (1 mentions)
Atp assay kit, by Beyotime (1 mentions)
Alkaline phosphatase assay kit, by Beyotime (1 mentions)
Ceftriaxone, by Maclin Biochemical Technology (1 mentions)
Ceftazidime, by Maclin Biochemical Technology (1 mentions)
Cefquinome, by Maclin Biochemical Technology (1 mentions)
D cycloserine, by Hopebio (1 mentions)
A600198, by Sangon (1 mentions)
Amikacin, by Maclin Biochemical Technology (1 mentions)
Ciprofloxacin, by Maclin Biochemical Technology (1 mentions)
Tigecycline, by Maclin Biochemical Technology (1 mentions)
Clarithromycin, by Maclin Biochemical Technology (1 mentions)
4 protocols using cefoxitin
1
Antibiotic Assay Protocol
2
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing of E. coli
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Broth-microdilution assays were performed to determine the antibiotic susceptibility and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for 9 β-lactam antibiotics and garlic oil (≥99%, Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China, Figure S1 ), including cefoxitin, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefixime, cefquinome, meropenem, amoxicillin, and ampicillin (Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd., China) as recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI 2023) and the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST 2020) [55 ,56 ]. The above antibiotics are commonly used in veterinary clinical treatment of E. coli infection. Susceptibility to cefquinome was determined in reference to previous research [57 (link)]. All drugs were diluted 2-fold in MHB and mixed with an equal volume of bacterial suspension in a 96-well microtiter plate. Each test was repeated 3 times. Escherichia coli ATCC® 25922™ was used as the quality-control strain.
3
Quantification of C. difficile Infection
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After 48 h post C. difficile infection, mice were sacrificed, and the cecum and colon, as well as the feces, cecal contents, and colonic contents, were removed aseptically, weighed, and homogenized in 1 mL of PBS containing 0.3% Triton X−100 (A600198, Sangon Biotech), serially diluted and plated on CCFA agar (HB8808, Hopebio, Shandong, China) plates supplemented with 50% egg yolk emulsion (HB8295, Hopebio), 0.5 mg/mL d -cycloserine (HB0254, Hopebio) and 16 μg/mL cefoxitin (C859229, Macklin, Shanghai, China) for enumeration of the vegetative cells. To quantify C. difficile spores, samples were further heated at 70 °C for 10 min, and coated on the CCFA agar plates supplemented with 50% egg yolk emulsion, 0.5 mg/mL d-cycloserine, 16 μg/mL cefoxitin, 0.5% yeast extract and 0.1% sodium taurocholate. Level of C. difficile toxins B in cecal contents and feces were measured by ELISA using the Mouse CDT-B ELISA KIT (ml058147, mlbio, Shanghai, China).
4
Antimicrobial Screening of Essential Oils
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Amikacin, moxifloxacin, clarithromycin, tigecycline, azithromycin, rifabutin, meropenem, cefoxitin, ciprofloxacin and linezolid were purchased from Macklin (Shanghai, China). Water-soluble antibiotics such as Amikacin, meropenem, and cefoxitin were dissolved in ddH2O, while other antibiotics, which are less soluble in water, were dissolved in DMSO. Cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol were obtained from Acmec (Shanghai, China). A collection of 80 commercially available EOs (Table S1 ) were purchased from Ningbo Ge Blueprint Electronic Industry and Trade Co., Ltd (Ningbo, China), Poli Aromatic Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China), Guangzhou La Gu Na Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Guangzhou, China), Prime Time Commerce (Scottsdale Arizona, USA), Healing solutions (USA), Fabulous Frannie (USA) and Plant Therapy (USA). EOs and the EO active components Cinnamaldehyde and Carvacrol were dissolved in DMSO at 20% (v/v) and then diluted using stationary phase or log phase cultures to evaluate their activity against M. abscessus in MIC and drug exposure tests (see below). When the concentration of the EO is 0.25%, the concentration of DMSO is 1%.
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