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16 protocols using ain 76a

1

Western Diet-Induced Atherosclerosis in Ldlr-/- Mice

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Ldlr-/- mice were obtained from Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME, USA). The mice were bred in a specific pathogen-free facility under 12 h light and 12 h dark cycle, with free access to food and water. Fifteen male Ldlr-/- mice (10 week old) were fed a western diet (WD) from Test Diet (AIN-76A; St. Louis, MO, USA) for 10 weeks. All animal experiments were performed with the approval of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
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2

T-Maze Spatial Working Memory Assessment

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The test of working memory was performed in an automated T-maze (O’Hara & Co., Ltd., Japan) as previously described (Shoji et al., 2012 (link)). Briefly, after food restriction (to 70% of normal consumption), we habituated the animals to the apparatus by placing them in the starting chamber for 10 min on two consecutive days. Each trial of the forced alternation task consisted of two runs: on the first (sample) run, the animals were forced to go into one arm of the T-maze to receive a food pellet (10 mg, colorless, odorless, round, AIN-76A, #1811213, TestDiet, St. Louis, MO, USA) as a reward; on the second (choice) run, both arms were open, but the reward was only available in the previously non-visited arm. During the first phase (learning), the animals underwent 10 trials per day without a delay between the sample and choice runs. When an animal’s performance reached a criteria of 80% correct choices per day, the 2nd phase (delayed alternation) was initiated with 0, 10, 30, 60 and 120 s delays between trials (10 trials for each interval in a pseudorandom order tested on five consecutive days).
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3

Foz/Foz Mice in Metabolic Disorders

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Mice with the Alms1 mutation (Foz/Foz mice) on C57BL6/J and a Non-obese Diabetic (NOD) genetic background were kindly provided by Dr Geoffrey C. Farrell (Australian National University Medical School).8 (link) Six- to 7-week-old (time point = 0 w) male and female Foz/Foz along with WT littermates were placed on a WD (AIN-76A; Test Diet, St. Louis, MO, containing 40% fat, 15% protein, 44% carbohydrates based on caloric content, 0.2% cholesterol) or a standard chow diet (12% fat, 23% protein, 65% carbohydrates) for up to 32 weeks. For the regression study, Foz+WD 12-week mice were switched to the standard chow diet for an additional 8–12 weeks. A separate cohort of 6-week-old C57BL6/J Foz/Foz mice was placed on a CD-HFD (D-05010402; Research Diet, New Brunswick, NJ, containing 45% fat, 20% protein, 35% carbohydrates) for 12 weeks. Because Foz/Foz mice are hyperphagic, all mice were fasted for 4 hours before death and tissue collection. All animals were maintained under pathogen-free conditions in filter-topped cages on autoclaved food and water and under a 12/12-hour light/dark cycle, in accordance with National Institutes of Health guidelines for the use and care of live animals and approved by the University of California San Diego Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC, Protocol #S07022).
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4

Apo-E and miR-155 Knockout Mice in Diet-Induced Atherosclerosis

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All animal experiments were performed in accordance with the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) guidelines and were approved by the IACUC of Lewis Katz School of Medicine (LKSOM) at Temple University. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE, B6.129P2-ApoEtm1Unc/J, stock no. 002052) knockout mice, microRNA-155 (miR-155, B6.Cg-Mir155tm1Rsky/J, stock no. 007745) knockout mice, and wild-type (WT) mice were of a C57BL/6J background, and were purchased from the Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME, United States). Mice were housed under controlled conditions in the LKSOM Animal Facility, where they had ad libitum access to standard chow diet/HFD, water, and were subject to a 12-h light-dark cycle. DKO mice were generated as previously reported (11 (link)) by crossing ApoE-/- mice with miR155-/- mice. Mice were age-matched and gender-specific in all experiment groups, unless otherwise stated. At eight weeks old, mice either remained on normal chow diet (10.7% fat, 23.9% protein, 5.1% fiber, 58.7% carbohydrate/other, 200ppm cholesterol; Labdiet 5001) or switched to HFD [20% (w/w) fat, 17.4% protein, 5% fiber, 49.9% carbohydrate/other, 2027 ppm cholesterol (0.15% (w/w) cholesterol); TestDiet AIN-76A] (34 (link)) for 12 weeks or 24 weeks, specified in each experiment.
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5

High-Fat/High-Cholesterol Diet in Mice

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Twelve‐week‐old male C57BL/6J mice were purchased from the Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME). Mice were fed for 16 weeks a high‐fat/high‐cholesterol/high‐fructose diet (Western diet) containing 40% fat/0.2% cholesterol (AIN‐76A; TestDiet, St. Louis, MO) and 4.2% fructose (in drinking water). The Lieber‐DeCarli diet was purchased from Bio‐Serv (Flemington, NJ). All of the animals received human care according to the criteria outlined in the “Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals” prepared by the National Academy of Sciences and published by the National Institutes of Health. Mice were fasted for 5 to 6 hours before euthanasia during the light cycle. All of the animal studies were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Northeast Ohio Medical University.
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6

Murine Diabetes Induction Protocol

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All animal procedures were approved by the British Home Office under the UK Animal (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 (Project Licence 70/7596). Male C57BL/6 J mice (8–10 weeks, Charles River) were maintained at 21–23 °C and light-dark cycles (12:12 h schedule, lights on at 07:00). Ad libitum access to water and normal chow (RM1, Special Diet Services) or a HFHS diabetogenic diet (AIN-76A, TestDiet) was provided unless otherwise stated. HFHS animals were initially group housed (5 per cage) for >4 months before transfer to single cages. Treatments were randomly allocated according to body weight. Group sizes of 8–10 were deemed adequate to detect treatment-related differences as per initial dose-finding glycaemia. During experiments, one researcher was aware of treatment allocation but others were blinded. No animals were excluded from the analysis.
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7

Transfer Learning Task Apparatus and Procedures

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The testing apparatus and procedures for the transfer learning task are described in detail in Montgomery et al. (2011) (link). Briefly, the apparatus consisted of an open-topped black Plexiglas box (30 cm width; 45 cm length; 20 cm deep) with two small terra cotta flower pots (4 cm diameter; 3 cm deep) secured to the floor with velcro at one end of the box. Twenty mg chocolate-flavored food pellets (AIN-76A, TestDiet) were used as the reward in the task.
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8

Rodent Operant Chambers for Behavioral Research

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Three MED-PC aluminum and Plexiglas modular rodent operant chambers were used as experimental chambers. Each chamber was equipped with steel grid floors, measuring approximately 28 cm wide × 25.5 cm deep × 28 cm high and encased in light- and sound-attenuating outer cases and equipped with two standard levers. Each lever had an array of three LED lights above it, and the levers were situated approximately 3 cm from the bottom of the chamber. Each chamber also had a houselight that was used in the current experiments as a discriminative stimulus rather than for general illumination. Each chamber contained a pellet dispenser that dispensed 45-mg 50% sucrose pellets (TestDiet, AIN76A).
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9

Sucrose Consumption in Mice

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Mice were given a sucrose eating challenge to determine whether free access to sucrose would produce different levels of consumption between the genotypes. For these sessions the mice were given 95% sucrose pellets (AIN-76A, TestDiet, Richmond, IN) for 10 hours per day for 4 days, and normal lab chow for 14 hours. The amount of sucrose and chow consumed was measured daily by weight of 5 mg sucrose pellets/chow consumed and expressed as g/kg of bodyweight.
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10

Sucrose Self-Administration in Rats

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Parameters for sucrose self-administration were identical to those for nicotine with three exceptions: (1) rats did not undergo surgery; (2) active nose-pokes were reinforced with a 45 mg sucrose pellet (AIN-76A; TestDiet, MO, USA) delivered into the magazine; and (3) sessions lasted until a maximum of 30 pellets were earned or 30 minutes had elapsed.
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