Acetonitrile, water (HPLC), methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethyl ether, albumin standard, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and paraffin wax was obtained from Merck (Germany). Streptozotocin (STZ) was obtained from Sigma Chemicals Co (St. Louis, MO, USA). Referent HPLC standards (chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, rutin, hyperoside, isoquercetin, ellag-ic acid, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, morin, resveratrol, quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol, gallic acid, cyanidin chloride, cynanidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, pro-cyanidin B1, protocatechuic acid, protocatechuic acid ethyl ester, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, epicatechin and phloridzin) (HPLC grade, ≥99% purity) were obtained from Extrasynthese (Lyon, France). The other chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Schnelldorf, Germany.
Ellagic acid
Manufactured by Extrasynthese
Sourced in France
Ellagic acid is a naturally occurring polyphenol compound. It is used as a reference standard for analytical purposes in research and laboratory settings.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Gallic acid, by Extrasynthese (10 mentions)
Quercetin 3 o glucoside, by Extrasynthese (10 mentions)
Kaempferol 3 o glucoside, by Extrasynthese (8 mentions)
Formic acid, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
P coumaric acid, by Extrasynthese (6 mentions)
Caffeic acid, by Extrasynthese (6 mentions)
Quercetin, by Extrasynthese (5 mentions)
Kaempferol, by Extrasynthese (5 mentions)
Cyanidin 3 o glucoside, by Extrasynthese (5 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (5 mentions)
Epicatechin, by Extrasynthese (4 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Vanillic acid, by Extrasynthese (3 mentions)
Resveratrol, by Extrasynthese (3 mentions)
Chlorogenic acid, by Extrasynthese (3 mentions)
Rutin, by Extrasynthese (3 mentions)
Catechin, by Extrasynthese (3 mentions)
Gallic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Quercetin, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
20 protocols using ellagic acid
1
Phytochemical Analysis Protocol
2
Polyphenol Isolation and Characterization
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The following polyphenols were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA) [CG, ECG, EGC, (+)‐catechin, (−)‐epicatechin, quercetin, morin, 3‐hydroxyflavone, flavone, naringenin, taxifolin, ellagic acid, gallic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, resveratrol, genistein, phloridzin, methylgallate, and piceid], Extrasynthese (Lyon, France) [quercetagetin, myricetin, rhamnetin, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, galangin, tamarixetin, luteolin, chrysin, sinensetin, 7‐hydroxyflavone, eriodictyol, isosakuranetin, (+)‐dihydrorobinetin, cyanidin, hyperoside, hirsutrin, quercitrin, rutin], or Apin‐Chemicals (Abingdon, UK) [3′,4′,7,8‐tetrahydroxyflavone].
Isolated single‐mass procyanidin fractions with various degrees of polymerisation (dp 2, dp 3, dp 4) were isolated from apples as previously described16 , 17 . EGCG was isolated from green tea as previously described 15 . Orobol was synthesised from phloroglucinol and 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid using the general procedure of Goto et al. 18 previously used for synthesis of isoflavones.
Isolated single‐mass procyanidin fractions with various degrees of polymerisation (dp 2, dp 3, dp 4) were isolated from apples as previously described
3
Intestinal Epithelium Differentiation Protocol
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MEM with Earle's salts, DMEM, fetal bovine serum (FBS), trypsin‐EDTA, and antibiotics were purchased from Biochrom GmbH (Berlin, Germany). Entero‐STIM Intestinal Epithelium Differentiation Medium and MITO+ Serum Extender were purchased from Corning (Wiesbaden, Germany). Hesperetin, peltatoside, hyperoside, kaempferol, ellagic acid, isoquercitrin, quercitrin, phloretin, (−)‐epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, procyanidin B1, procyanidin B2, epigallocatechin gallate, gallocatechin, and morine were obtained from Extrasynthese (Genay Cedex, France). Phloridzin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin, (+)‐catechin, gallic acid, 2‐mercaptoethanol, NaCl, MgSO4, KCl, CaCl2, HEPES, and xylitol were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich (Schnelldorf, Germany). Guaijaverin and avicularin were obtained from Glentham Life Sciences (Corsham, United Kingdom). Purified and concentrated GLE (cGLE) was provided by Belan GmbH (Wels, Austria).30 Guava fruit puree for preparation of fruit extracts was obtained from Tradework BV (Rotterdam, The Netherlands), commercially available GLE and apple extract (AE) were purchased from Pfannenschmidt (Hamburg, Germany). Transwell inserts (12 mm, collagen‐treated, 0.4 μm pore size) and 12‐well plates were obtained from Corning (Wiesbaden, Germany).
4
HPLC-DAD-MS Analysis of Bioactive Compounds
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All solvents for HPLC-DAD-MS analyses (HPLC grade), formic acid, and epigallocatechin gallate (analytical grade) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Chemical Company Inc. (Milwaukee, WI, USA). Tyrosol, gallic acid, ellagic acid, catechin, and malvidin 3-O-glucoside were supplied by Extrasynthèse S.A. (Lyon, Nord-Genay, France). HydroxyTyrosol was synthetized in the laboratory [80 (link)]. HPLC-grade water was obtained via distillation and purification with a Labconco Water Pro PS polishing station (Labconco Corporation, Kansas City, MO, USA). Potassium sorbate, benzoic acid, potassium hydroxide, and hydrochloric acid 37% were purchased from Carlo Erba Reagents Srl (Cornaredo, Milan, Italy), Tween 20 from Biolife Italiana Srl (Milan, Italy), and Potato Dextrose Agar from Oxoid Ltd. (Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK). Sterile plasticware and cotton swabs were purchased from Unifo Srl (Zero Branco, Treviso, Italy).
5
Calibration Curves for Polyphenol Analysis
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Standard calibration curves were prepared using the following standards: agrimoniin and bis-HHDP-glucose pedunculagin (obtained from the Institute of Food Technology and Analysis), quercetin-3-glucoside, tiliroside, kaempferol 3-glucoside, ellagic acid, quercetin 3-d -galactoside, quercetin, kaempferol, (−)-epicatechin-phloroglucinol adduct (after phloroglucinolysis of procyanidin B2 standard) (Extrasynthese, France), (−)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin (Sigma, Steinheim, Germany). Standard stock solutions were diluted to appropriate concentrations for the plotting of calibration curves. The linearity was obtained by plotting the peak areas versus the corresponding concentrations (mg/L) of each analyte. Table 7 shows the equations of the calibration curves and the correlation coefficients (R2) of the standards used.
6
Quantitative Analysis of Phytochemicals
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All solvents used were HPLC grade. Methanol was purchased from Merck, perchloric acid (HClO4) from ACS, and acetone ≥99.5% from Honeywell Riedel-de Haen. For all the chromatographic studies as well as dye extraction, Millipore ultrapure water was used. For UHPLC-HRMS, LC-MS–grade Optima Methanol, acetonitrile, water, and LC-MS-grade formic acid were acquired from Fisher Scientific.
Quercetin (C15H10O7), luteolin (C15H10O6), kaempferol (C15H10O6), isorhamnetin (C16H12O7), apigenin (C15H10O5), ellagic acid (C14H6O8), luteolin-7-O-glucoside (C21H20O11), luteolin-3′,7-di-O-glucoside (C27H30O16), kaempferol-3-O-glucoside (C21H20O11), Quercetin-3-O-glucoside (C21H19O12), Quercetin-3-O-glucuronide (C21H18O13), and rutin (C27H30O16) analytical standards were purchased from Extrasynthese.
Quercetin (C15H10O7), luteolin (C15H10O6), kaempferol (C15H10O6), isorhamnetin (C16H12O7), apigenin (C15H10O5), ellagic acid (C14H6O8), luteolin-7-O-glucoside (C21H20O11), luteolin-3′,7-di-O-glucoside (C27H30O16), kaempferol-3-O-glucoside (C21H20O11), Quercetin-3-O-glucoside (C21H19O12), Quercetin-3-O-glucuronide (C21H18O13), and rutin (C27H30O16) analytical standards were purchased from Extrasynthese.
7
Comprehensive Analysis of Polyphenol Compounds
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All chemicals and reagents used were AnalaR grade or better. Acetone, acetonitrile, acetic acid, methanol, isopropanol (IPA), formic acid, ethyl acetate, toluene and hydrochloric acid were obtained from Thermo Fisher (Auckland, New Zealand). Folin-Ciocalteu reagent; neocuporine; copper (II) chloride; 2,4,6-Tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ) and Trolox (6-Hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Auckland, New Zealand).
Analytical grade standards of polyphenols, including caffeic acid, (±) catechin, (−) epicatechin and p-coumaric acid, were also purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Auckland, New Zealand). Analytical standards of other phenolics (gallic acid, ellagic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, kaempferol, kaempferol-3-rutinoside and isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside) and four anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside, delphinidin-3-rutinoside and pelargonidin-3-rutinoside) were obtained from Extrasynthese (Genay Cedex, France). Milli-Q water was produced by Purite Fusion Milli-Q water purifying machine (Purite Limited, Thame, Oxon, UK).
Analytical grade standards of polyphenols, including caffeic acid, (±) catechin, (−) epicatechin and p-coumaric acid, were also purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Auckland, New Zealand). Analytical standards of other phenolics (gallic acid, ellagic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, kaempferol, kaempferol-3-rutinoside and isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside) and four anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside, delphinidin-3-rutinoside and pelargonidin-3-rutinoside) were obtained from Extrasynthese (Genay Cedex, France). Milli-Q water was produced by Purite Fusion Milli-Q water purifying machine (Purite Limited, Thame, Oxon, UK).
8
Analytical Protocol for Phenolic Compounds
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The water used was Milli-Q water (Millipore Corporation, Molsheim, France) with a conductivity of 18 MΩ cm–1. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-grade methanol and formic acid were used as the solvents for the HPLC analysis and were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Ethanol (99.5%) was obtained from VWR (Fontenay-sous-Bois, France). The phenolic standards, cyanidin chloride, malvidin chloride, delphinidin chloride, p-coumaric acid, ellagic acid, resveratrol, gallic acid, caffeic acid, polydatin, epicatechin gallate, epicatechin, vanillin, and vanillic acid, were purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay, France). Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.). Tartaric acid, NaN3, and NaNO3, p.a. grade, were from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Folin–Ciocalteu reagent was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.), and sodium carbonate was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). HCl was purchased from VWR International (Rue Carnot, France). The sugars used as standards were l (+)-rhamnose monohydrate, d (+)-galactose, and d (+)-glucose from Merck, l (+)-arabinose from VWR Chemicals, d (+)-xylose from PanReac AppliChem (Darmstadt, Germany), and d (+)-mannose from Sigma-Aldrich.
9
Antioxidant and ROS Scavenging Assays
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All chemicals were obtained as pure commercial products and used without further purification.
Acetonitrile, 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (chlorogenic acid), 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), fluorescein sodium salt (FL), 4-hydroxypyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine (allopurinol), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), phosphoric acid 85% w/v, quercetin, xanthine, and xanthine oxidase from bovine milk were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy). Standards of kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, ellagic acid, and acacetin were purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay Cedex, France). HPLC grade water (MΩ•cm) was prepared by using a Millipore (Bedford, MA, USA) Milli-Q purification system. Acetonitrile, water, and formic acids (all of LC-MS grade) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
Acetonitrile, 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (chlorogenic acid), 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), fluorescein sodium salt (FL), 4-hydroxypyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine (allopurinol), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), phosphoric acid 85% w/v, quercetin, xanthine, and xanthine oxidase from bovine milk were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy). Standards of kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, ellagic acid, and acacetin were purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay Cedex, France). HPLC grade water (MΩ•cm) was prepared by using a Millipore (Bedford, MA, USA) Milli-Q purification system. Acetonitrile, water, and formic acids (all of LC-MS grade) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
10
Antioxidant Compound Extraction and Analysis
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Gallic acid, quercetin, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, sodium carbonate, aluminum chloride and sodium acetate were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). LC-MS grade acetonitrile, water and formic acid were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). High-purity (≥98%) HPLC reference standards (Gallic acid, catechin, α-punicalagin, ellagic acid, cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, quercetin, coumaric acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, pelargonidin, vanillic acid, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside) were purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay, France).
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