The following chemicals were selected for this study: methyl paraben (purity ≥99.0%) ethyl paraben (≥ 99.0%), n-propyl paraben (≥ 99.0%) and n-butyl paraben (≥ 99.0%) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (Saint Quentin, Fallaviers, France). These tested chemicals were special-grade reagents and were used without purification. Stock solutions of each paraben were prepared in ethyl alcohol (purity: 99.9%, Samchun, Korea) for the bioluminescence inhibition test of A. fischeri, and in hard reconstituted water (HRW; 0.12 g/L MgSO4, 0.192 g/L NaHCO3, 0.008 g/L KCl, 0.12 g/L CaCO3 in distilled water) for the acute toxicity test of D. magna.
N propylparaben
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in France, United Kingdom, Germany
N-propylparaben is a preservative used in various personal care and pharmaceutical products. It is a colorless crystalline solid with a mild odor. N-propylparaben is commonly used to inhibit the growth of microorganisms in formulations, helping to extend their shelf life.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
N butyl paraben, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Methylparaben, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Ethylparaben, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Ethyl alcohol, by Samchun (1 mentions)
17β estradiol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Hplc grade ethanol, by Avantor (1 mentions)
Bisphenol a, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Genistein, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Dieldrin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Estrone, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Methoxychlor, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Aldrin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Celltiter 96 aqueous one solution cell proliferation assay, by Promega (1 mentions)
Triton x 100, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Bovine serum albumin (bsa), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ethanol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Phosphate buffered saline (pbs), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Foetal bovine serum (fbs), by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Penicillin, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Streptomycin, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
3 protocols using n propylparaben
1
Toxicity Evaluation of Parabens
2
Endocrine Disruptor Chemicals Sourcing
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17β-Estradiol (E2, 99% purity), estrone (99%), aldrin (98.6%), dieldrin (99.8%), endosulfan α (I, 99.5%), endosulfan β (II, 99.2%), methoxychlor (99.5%), o,p'-DDT (97.5%), o,p'-DDD (99%), p,p'-DDT (99.1%), p,p'-DDE (99.5%), β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH, 98.1%), n-butylparaben, n-propylparaben, and bisphenol A (>99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Company (Dorset, UK). 3-(4-methylbenzylidene)camphor (4-MBC, Eusolex 6300, >99.7%) and octyl-methoxycinnamate (OMC, Eusolex 2292, >98%) were from VWR international (Poole, UK). 3-Benzylidene camphor (3-BC, Unisol-22, >97%) was from Induchem (Volketswil, Switzerland). Genistein was obtained from Alfa Aesar (Lancashire, UK), and 6-acetyl-1,1,2,4,4,7-hexamethyltetraline (AHTN, tonalide) and hexahydrohexamethylcyclopentabenzopyran (HHCB, Galoxolide) from LGC Promochem (Teddington, UK). All chemicals were used as supplied and stock solutions (1 – 10 mM) were prepared in HPLC-grade ethanol (VWR international). Stock solutions and subsequent dilutions were stored at −20°C. All remaining chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, unless stated otherwise.
3
Evaluating Paraben Mixture and Nanoparticle Toxicity
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Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), bovine serum albumin (BSA), Triton X-100, ethanol, methylparaben, ethylparaben, n-propylparaben, and n-butylparaben were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (Darmstadt, Germany). Foetal bovine serum (FBS, heat inactivated), penicillin, streptomycin, and trypsin-EDTA were obtained from PAA Laboratories GmbH (Colbe, Germany). Stock solution of the paraben mixture was prepared by dissolving each paraben in absolute ethanol at the final concentration of 100 µg/mL. The final concentration of ethanol in the medium for each paraben was not above 0.2 %. At this concentration, ethanol has no effect on cell viability and proliferation. Plastic nanoparticles (PSNP) were purchased from ThermoFisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA) as 60 nm polystyrene nanosphere size standards.
CellTiter 96 ® AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay (MTS) from Promega (Madison, WI, USA) was used for colorimetric determination of the number of viable cells after treatment with PSNP and PBmix. Cell proliferation was quantified with a Muse ® Ki67 Proliferation Kit (Luminex Corporation, Madison, WI, USA).
CellTiter 96 ® AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay (MTS) from Promega (Madison, WI, USA) was used for colorimetric determination of the number of viable cells after treatment with PSNP and PBmix. Cell proliferation was quantified with a Muse ® Ki67 Proliferation Kit (Luminex Corporation, Madison, WI, USA).
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