Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine

Ethanol (99.9%), cholesterol (Chol, Sigma Grade ≥ 99%) from sheep’s wool, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC, >99%), octadecylamine (ODA, ≥99.0%, stearylamine), and polyoxyethylene (40) stearate (PEG-40) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich, Gillingham, UK. PHOSPHOLIPON^®90G (purified phosphatidylcholine, or PC, from soybean lecithin) was kindly provided as a gift by Phospholipid GmbH (Lipoid, Ludwigshafen, Germany). Syringe pumps (AL-1010) were purchased from World Precision Instruments (Hertfordshire, UK), and 20 mL BD-Plastipak syringes with luer lock connectors were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK). Male luer lock rings, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tubing, and magnetic stirrers (UC152D) were supplied by Cole-Parmer (St. Neots, UK). The tubing that was employed to connect the outlet port of the millireactor to the collection vial was 21.5 cm long (inner diameter: 0.5 mm; outer diameter: 1.6 mm) and was purchased from Cole-Parmer (St. Neots, UK).

Caffeic acid (3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid, CFAH₃), p-coumaric acid (4-hydroxycinnamic acid, p-CAH₂), Eu(III) chloride hexahydrate (EuCl₃·6H₂O), Dy(III) chloride hexahydrate (DyCl₃·6H₂O), and Gd(III) chloride hexahydrate (GdCl₃·6H₂O), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), potassium persulfate (K₂S₂O₈), TPZT (2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine), iron(III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl₃∙6H₂O), iron(II) sulfate (FeSO₄), potassium bromide (KBr), gentamycin and fluconazole were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Phospholipids, namely 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1′-rac-glycerol) (sodium salt) (16:0–18:1 PG, POPG, purity > 99%), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (16:0–18:1 PE, POPE, purity > 99%), 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine (PS, purity > 97%), dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (16:0 PC, DPPC, purity > 99%), and E. coli polar lipid (EPL) extract, were also purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was purchased from POCH S.A. (Gliwice, Poland). Methanol was sourced from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Mueller-Hinton agar was supplied by Oxoid (Hampshire, UK). All chemicals had an analytical purity and were used without further purification.

Daunorubicin was purchased from Santa Cruz (Dallas, TX, USA). Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), cholesterol (Chol), dicetyl phosphate (DCP), sodium cholate hydrate (cholic acid), human serum albumin (HSA), sodium periodate, deuterium oxide (D₂O), sodium hexachloroplatinate, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris), and L-fucose were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ganglioside was purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL, USA). Dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DPPE) was purchased from Alexis (Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA). N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-3-amino-propane sulfonic acid (TAPS) and n-(2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine-n'-(2-ethanesulfonic) acid were purchased from Doujin Chemical (Kumamoto, Japan). Sodium cyanoborohydrate was purchased from Aldrich (Milwaukee, WI, USA). BS³ and 3,3-dithiobis(sulfosuccinimidyl propionate) (DTSSP) were purchased from Pierce Biotechnology (Rockford, IL, USA). Cholesterol E-test Wako was purchased from Wako (Osaka, Japan).