Butylhydroxytoluene bht

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany

Butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) is a synthetic organic compound used as an antioxidant and preservative in various products. It is commonly employed in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries to prevent oxidation and extend the shelf life of products.

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Lab products found in correlation

2 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (dpph), by Merck Group (2 mentions) Linoleic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions) β carotene, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions) Dulbecco modified eagle medium (dmem), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions) Gallic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Potassium chloride (kcl), by ITW Reagents (1 mentions) Bovine albumin, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Guaiacol, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Carboxymethylcellulose, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Chloroform, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Methanol, by ITW Reagents (1 mentions) Hydrogen peroxide, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Tannic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Sodium sulfate, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Sodium methoxide, by Tokyo Chemical Industry (1 mentions) Guanidine hcl, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Cytofix cytoperm permeabilization kit, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Wst 1 cell proliferation reagent, by Abcam (1 mentions) Falco cell culture, by Corning (1 mentions)

Close spelling variants of this product

3,5-di-tert-4-butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) Butylhydroxytoluene

15 protocols using butylhydroxytoluene bht

Strawberry Sanitization and Bergamot Incorporation

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Strawberries (Cv. Camarosa) were collected in a local farm situated in Reggio Calabria (Italy) in April 2022, transported to the FoodTec laboratory of the University of Reggio Calabria, and immediately submitted to treatments. Firstly, the fruit were selected for uniformity in terms of their size, color, and weight, while the defective ones were discarded. Then, the fruit were dipped in a sodium hypochlorite solution (0.5%) for 2 min, washed with distilled water, and left to dry for 1 h near a UV area in a laminar vertical flow hood (UV lamp 30 W, mod. ASALAIR 1200 FLV, Asal Srl, Milano, Italy) at room temperature under forced air (20 °C).
Both bergamot “pomace” (BP) and bergamot essential oil from Reggio Calabria DPI (BEO) were sourced by a company located in Reggio Calabria (Italy). BP is a by-product of citrus fruit processing (Citrus bergamia Risso) during juice production, comprising the peel, pulp, and seeds (Figure 1). The BP was dehydrated at 50 °C in a tangential air-flow cabinet (“Scirocco” model, Società Italiana Essiccatoi, Milan, Italy) until reaching a 12% moisture content and was then powdered. The BEO was obtained by rasping and cold-pressing the fruit peel.
The butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) was purchased from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germania).

De Bruno A., Gattuso A., Ritorto D., Piscopo A, & Poiana M. (2023). Effect of Edible Coating Enriched with Natural Antioxidant Extract and Bergamot Essential Oil on the Shelf Life of Strawberries. Foods, 12(3), 488.

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Soybean and Grape Pomace Extraction

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Soybean meal used for PO extraction was provided by a company specialized in soybean processing located in the municipality of Rio Grande (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). Grape pomace was provided by the Bodega artisanal located in the municipality of Fondón (Almeria, Spain). Sodium phosphate mono and dibasic were purchased from PanReac AppliChem (Darmstadt, Germany) and Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), respectively. Guaiacol and hydrogen peroxide were purchased from Sigma (Steinheim, Germany). Tannic acid, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), (±)-6-Hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic (Trolox) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) were purchased from Sigma (Saint Louis, MO, USA). Butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) was obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Potassium chloride was obtained from PanReac AppliChem (Barcelona, Spain). Chloroform was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Mallinckrodt, Hampton, NH, USA). Methanol and potato starch were purchased from PanReac AppliChem (Darmstadt, Germany). Sodium sulfate and bovine albumin were purchased from Sigma (Steinheim, Germany).

Nogueira W.V., Aznar-García M.J., Martínez-Antequera F.P., de Las Heras A.M., Tesser M.B., Garda-Buffon J, & Moyano F.J. (2023). Evaluation of Interactions of Added Soybean Peroxidase with Other Nutrients Present in Fish Feeds Using an In Vitro Digestive Simulation. Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI, 13(19), 3046.

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Oxysterol Quantification by LC-MS

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The 4β-HC, 4β-hydroxycholesterol-d7 (4β-HC-d7, an internal standard), and other oxysterols were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL, USA). The purity of the standards was >99%. The 4α-HC was obtained from Toronto Research Chemicals (Toronto, ON, Canada). Butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), and sodium methoxide was obtained from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan). All other chemicals were above the analytical grade.

Taya Y., Mizunaga M., Nakao S., Jutanom M., Shimizu N., Nomura Y, & Nakagawa K. (2023). Clinical Evaluation Based on a New Approach to Improve the Accuracy of 4β-Hydroxycholesterol Measurement as a Biomarker of CYP3A4 Activity. Molecules, 28(4), 1576.

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Lipid Peroxidation Inhibitory Activity Assay

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A mixture was formed by admixing a total of 0.4 mL of plasma, 0.1 mL of 0.5 mM FeSO₄, 0.1 mL of 0.5 mM H₂O₂, and 0.2 mL of l-EPSs (100–1250 µg/mL), which was incubated at 37 °C For 12 h. After the completion of the incubation period, 375 µL of 4% tricarboxylic acid (TCA) (Merck) and 75 µL of 0.5 mM butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) (Sigma-Aldrich) was added to the reaction solution, followed by keeping the admixture in an ice bath for 5 min. A supernatant was formed after centrifugation of the admixture at 5000 rpm for 15 min. Then a total of 0.2 mL of 0.6% thiobarbituric acid (TBA) (Sigma-Aldrich) was added. The obtained mixture was left for incubation at 95 °C for 30 min and left to cool. Then, its supernatant was obtained after centrifugation at 5000 rpm for 15 min. This was followed by measuring the mixture’s absorbance at 532 nm. The inhibitory activity exerted by lipid peroxidation was calculated by the following formula: Inhibitory activity (%) = (1 − A_sample − A₀/A_blank) × 100. Ascorbic acid (0.5 mg/mL) was added as the positive control^{24 (link)}.

Sirin S, & Aslim B. (2020). Characterization of lactic acid bacteria derived exopolysaccharides for use as a defined neuroprotective agent against amyloid beta1–42-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. Scientific Reports, 10, 8124.

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Apoptosis and Cell Proliferation Assay

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Media: RPMI 1640, FBS, DMEM, antibiotic–antimycotic solution (Thermofisher, Vienna, Austria); reagents: Cytofix–Cytoperm permeabilization Kit (Thermofisher, Vienna, Austria), FITC Active Caspase-3 Apoptosis Kit (BD Biosciences Kit; Allschwil, Germany), WST-1 Cell Proliferation Reagent (Abcam; Cambridge, UK); chemicals: alpha-ketoglutarate (Sigma), 5_hydroxymethyl-furfurale (5-HMF, Evonik Operation, Darmstadt, Germany), guanidine-HCl, butyl-hydroxy-toluene (BHT; Sigma Aldrich), di-nitro-phenyl-hydrazine (DNPH) (Altmann Analytics, Munich, Germany), and flasks (Falco^® Cell Culture; Corning Incorporated, 14831 New York, NY, USA) were used.

Greilberger J., Herwig R., Greilberger M., Stiegler P, & Wintersteiger R. (2021). Alpha-Ketoglutarate and 5-HMF: A Potential Anti-Tumoral Combination against Leukemia Cells. Antioxidants, 10(11), 1804.

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Quantification of Carbohydrates and Polyphenols

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Chemical standards of the carbohydrates (fructose, glucose, sucrose, and sorbitol) and organic acids (malic, citric, fumaric, and shikimic acids) were obtained from Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland) except malic acid, which was sourced from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). The following standards were used for the quantification of individual polyphenolic compounds: chlorogenic acid (5-caffeoylquinic acid) and (−)-epicatechin from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA), (+)-catechin from Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany), quercetin 3-O-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-rutinoside, and arbutin from Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland). Methanol, acetonitrile of chromatographic grade quality, and butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Deionized water was obtained using the Milli-Q system (Millipore, Billerica MA, USA).

Akagić A., Oras A., Gaši F., Meland M., Drkenda P., Memić S., Spaho N., Žuljević S.O., Jerković I., Musić O, & Hudina M. (2022). A Comparative Study of Ten Pear (Pyrus communis L.) Cultivars in Relation to the Content of Sugars, Organic Acids, and Polyphenol Compounds. Foods, 11(19), 3031.

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Quantifying Antioxidant Compounds

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Folin-Ciocalteu reactive, reference standard quercetin dihydrate (purity 99% w/w), catechin (98% w/w), quercetin (purity 99% w/w), gallic acid, and butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) standards were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St Louis, MO, USA). Ethanol and methanol of grade HPLC were used.

Rosero S., Del Pozo F., Simbaña W., Álvarez M., Quinteros M.F., Carrillo W, & Morales D. (2022). Polyphenols and Flavonoids Composition, Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Andean Baccharis macrantha Extracts. Plants, 11(12), 1555.

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Lipid Extraction and Quantification from Algae

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Lipids were determined by the Folch method [76 (link)]. For this purpose, 200 mg of lyophilized algae were taken and 5 mL of chloroform (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and methanol mixture (2:1) was added with 0.01% butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) (Sigma Aldrich St. Louis, MO, USA). The solution was homogenized, and 2 mL of 0.88% KCl was added. The mixture was centrifuged for 5 min at 2000 rpm. Two phases appeared. The upper phase was discarded, and the lower was collected and filtered. It was cooled at −20 °C for at least 20 min. The thin layer of salt that formed on the surface was removed. The lipids were weighed and stored in a nitrogen atmosphere.
The percentage (%) of lipids was calculated according to the Equation (1):

Casas-Arrojo V., Arrojo Agudo M.D., Cárdenas García C., Carrillo P., Pérez Manríquez C., Martínez-Manzanares E, & Abdala Díaz R.T. (2022). Antioxidant, Immunomodulatory and Potential Anticancer Capacity of Polysaccharides (Glucans) from Euglena gracilis G.A. Klebs. Pharmaceuticals, 15(11), 1379.

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Isolation and Oxidation of Human LDL

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Native lipoproteins were obtained from the human plasma of normolipidemic volunteers. The Ethics Committee approved the experimental protocol of the Faculty of Pharmacy of Universidad de Concepción, and all volunteers signed informed consent. Plasma samples were withdrawn using Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tetrasodium (EDTA, 0.5 mg/mL) (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) as an anticoagulant. LDLs were isolated by sequential potassium bromide density centrifugation. After removing chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoprotein, and intermediate-density lipoprotein, the native LDLs were yielded at a final density of 1.019 to 1.063 g/mL [53 (link)].
Ox-LDL was obtained by exposing native LDL to CuSO4 (10 μM) for 4 h at 37 °C, getting a delta of absorbance at 234 nm of 0.4 units, as previously reported [53 (link)]. The oxidation process was ended with EDTA (2 mM) and Butylhydroxytoluene (BHT, 4.5 μM) (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA). Ox-LDL was dialyzed with PBS, and LDL-protein concentration was quantified with a Protein DC kit (BioRad Laboratory, Hertfordshire, UK). Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC, present in up to 40% of the total lipid content of ox-LDL) (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) was used in a parallel experiment measure its effect on Lox-1 in H4-II-E-C3 cells.

Reyes C., Nova-Lamperti E., Duran-Sandoval D., Rojas D., Gajardo J., Guzman-Gutierrez E., Bustos-Ruiz C., Ormazábal V., Zúñiga F.A., Escudero C, & Aguayo C. (2022). Loxin Reduced the Inflammatory Response in the Liver and the Aortic Fatty Streak Formation in Mice Fed with a High-Fat Diet. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(13), 7329.

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Fatty Acid Extraction and Analysis Protocol

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All solvents used throughout were HPLC-MS grade from Fisher Scientific (Hampton, NH). Butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) used during extraction and HPLC-grade sodium acetate used during HPLC-MS/MS analysis were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany). Standards for linoleic acid (LA); arachidonic acid (AA); heptadecanoic acid (C17:0); ±13-hydroperoxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid (HPODE); ±13-hydroxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid (HODE); 9-oxo-10E,12Z-octadecadienoic acid (KODE); ±12-hydroperoxy-5Z,8Z,10E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (HPETE); ±5-hydroxy-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (HETE); and 5-oxo-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (KETE) were purchased from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI). All FA standards were used without further purification.
3T3-L1 preadipocytes were acquired from Zen-Bio (Research Triangle Park, NC). High glucose DMEM (with and without phenol red), 100x antibiotic-antimycotic, and newborn calf serum were obtained from Gibco (Hampton, NH). Fetal bovine serum was purchased from Gemini Bio-Products (West Sacramento, CA). The isobutylmethylxanthine and dexamethasone used for differentiation were from Sigma Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany). Humulin R regular recombinant human insulin was procured from Eli Lilly (Indianapolis, IN).

Ahern K.W., Serbulea V., Wingrove C.L., Palas Z.T., Leitinger N, & Harris T.E. (2019). Regioisomer-independent quantification of fatty acid oxidation products by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of sodium adducts. Scientific Reports, 9, 11197.

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