Coenzyme a coa

Highly purified CPI-613 and CPI-157 were synthesized from D,L lipoate as described previously
[18 (link)]. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), auranofin, resazurin, diaphorase, glutaredoxin-1, reduced glutathione, Triton X-100, digitonin, lauryl maltoside, dithiothreitol (DTT), NAD⁺, ADP, thiamine pyrophosphate, coenzyme-A (CoA), and N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Biotin-HDPD and gel filtration columns (PD10) were from Thermo Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCF), dihydroethidium (DHE), and Amplex Red were from Life Technologies. Antibodies to Prx1, Prx3 and reduced lipoate were purchased from AbCam (Cambridge, MA, USA). Antibodies against dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) were from Rockland Immunochemicals (Gilbertsville, PA, USA) and KGDH dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase (E2) antibodies were from Cell Signaling (Danvers, MA, USA).

Sterilized seeds of wild-type rice plants (O. sativa L. spp. Japonica cv. Dongjin) were germinated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium (Duchefa, Harlem, Netherlands) in a growth chamber with a 12 h photoperiod and temperature of 28°C. Ten-day old seedlings were transferred to soil and grown in a greenhouse at 28°C during the day and 20°C at night. Stem and leaf samples were collected from 10-week-old rice plants, and panicle samples were collected from 14-week-old rice plants. Root and shoot samples were collected from 10-day old rice seedlings.
p-Coumaric acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, coenzyme-A (CoA) and reduced β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) for hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA production were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Reagents for buffers, media and other solutions were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich and Duchefa.