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Metronidazole

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Metronidazole is a laboratory reagent used for various analytical and research purposes. It is a chemical compound with a specific molecular structure and properties that make it useful in various laboratory applications. Metronidazole is commonly used as a standard or reference material in analytical procedures, but its core function is to serve as a tool in scientific investigations and experiments, without any extrapolation on its intended use.

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Lab products found in correlation

Ciprofloxacin, by Bayer (14 mentions) Imipenem, by MSD (14 mentions) Ampicillin, by Ratiopharm (8 mentions) Ampicillin plus sulbactam, by Ratiopharm (6 mentions) Sulbactam, by Ratiopharm (3 mentions) Thioglycolate enrichment broths, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions) Female balb c mice, by Orient Bio (1 mentions)

14 protocols using metronidazole

1

Antibiotic-Induced Gut Flora Depletion

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IL-10−/− mice (in C57BL/10 background, B10) were bred and maintained in the facilities of the “Forschungsinstitut für Experimentelle Medizin” (FEM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany), under specific pathogen-free (SPF) conditions.
To eradicate the commensal gut flora, mice were transferred to sterile cages and treated by adding ampicillin (1 g/L; Ratiopharm), vancomycin (500 mg/L; Cell Pharm), ciprofloxacin (200 mg/L; Bayer Vital), imipenem (250 mg/L; MSD), and metronidazole (1 g/L; Fresenius) to the drinking water ad libitum as described earlier [20] (link) starting at 3 weeks of age right after weaning. Age matched female mice were subjected to the quintuple antibiotic treatment for 3–4 months before the infection experiment.
Heimesaat M.M., Lugert R., Fischer A., Alutis M., Kühl A.A., Zautner A.E., Tareen A.M., Göbel U.B, & Bereswill S. (2014). Impact of Campylobacter jejuni cj0268c Knockout Mutation on Intestinal Colonization, Translocation, and Induction of Immunopathology in Gnotobiotic IL-10 Deficient Mice. PLoS ONE, 9(2), e90148.
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2

Generation of Abiotic Mice for Stable C. jejuni Colonization

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IL-10−/− mice (female and male, all in C57BL/6j background) were reared under specific pathogen free (SPF) conditions in the same unit of the Forschungseinrichtungen für Experimentelle Medizin (FEM, Charité—University Medicine Berlin). In order to counteract physiological colonization resistance and thus assure stable gastrointestinal C. jejuni colonization [13 (link)], secondary abiotic mice with a depleted gut microbiota were generated as described earlier [13 (link), 54 (link)]. In brief, immediately post weaning 3-week-old mice were subjected to a 10-week course of broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment by adding ampicillin plus sulbactam (1 g/l; Ratiopharm, Germany), vancomycin (500 mg/l; Cell Pharm, Germany), ciprofloxacin (200 mg/l; Bayer Vital, Germany), imipenem (250 mg/l; MSD, Germany) and metronidazole (1 g/l; Fresenius, Germany) to the autoclaved drinking water (ad libitum). Two days before pathogenic challenge the antibiotic cocktail was replaced by autoclaved tap water to assure antibiotic washout.
Mousavi S., Schmidt A.M., Escher U., Kittler S., Kehrenberg C., Thunhorst E., Bereswill S, & Heimesaat M.M. (2020). Carvacrol ameliorates acute campylobacteriosis in a clinical murine infection model. Gut Pathogens, 12, 2.
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3

Antibiotic Modulation of Murine Microbiome

Cited 2 times
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C57BL/6j wildtype mice were reared and maintained under specific pathogen-free (SPF) conditions in the Forschungseinrichtungen für Experimentelle Medizin (FEM, Charité – University Medicine Berlin). At the age of 8 to 10 weeks, female mice were subjected to broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment. In brief, mice were transferred to sterile cages and treated with a quintuple antibiotic cocktail consisting of ampicillin plus sulbactam (1 g/l; Ratiopharm, Ulm, Germany), vancomycin (500 mg/l; Cell Pharm, Hannover, Germany), ciprofloxacin (200 mg/l; Bayer Vital, Leverkusen, Germany), imipenem (250 mg/l; MSD, Haar, Germany), and metronidazole (1 g/l; Fresenius, Bad Homburg, Germany) via the drinking water ad libitum for 8 weeks [14 (link), 15 (link)]. Cultural and culture-independent (i.e., 16S rRNA based molecular) quality control measures revealed virtual absence of bacteria in fecal samples as described earlier [15 (link), 16 (link)]. In one group of thus generated secondary abiotic (i.e., gnotobiotic) mice, the antibiotic cocktail was replaced by sterile water three days before P. aeruginosa infection, whereas in another group, antibiotic treatment was continued until the end of the experiment. Sex- and age-matched conventionally colonized mice served as antibiotics-untreated control group.
von Klitzing E., Bereswill S, & Heimesaat M.M. (2017). Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Induce Systemic Pro-Inflammatory Immune Responses in Colonized Mice. European Journal of Microbiology & Immunology, 7(3), 200-209.
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4

Antibiotic Cocktail Induced Gut Dysbiosis

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Female BALB/c mice weighing 16-20 g (3 weeks old) were purchased from Orient Bio Inc. (Seongnam, Korea) and treated in accordance with the guidelines of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Asan Medical Center and Ulsan University College of Medicine (identification code No. 2014-02-182).
For the induction of gut dysbiosis, mice were treated with an antibiotic cocktail in their drinking water for 2 weeks before primary sensitization with ampicillin (1 g/L; Ratiopharm, Ulm, Germany), vancomycin (500 mg/L; Cell Pharm, Hannover, Germany), ciprofloxacin (200 mg/L; Bayer Vital, Leverkusen, Germany), imipenem (250 mg/L; MSD, Haar, Germany), and metronidazole (1 g/L; Fresenius, Bad Homburg, Germany).25 (link)
Kim H.J., Lee S.H, & Hong S.J. (2019). Antibiotics-Induced Dysbiosis of Intestinal Microbiota Aggravates Atopic Dermatitis in Mice by Altered Short-Chain Fatty Acids. Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research, 12(1), 137-148.
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5

Depletion of Murine Gut Microbiota

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Female C57BL/6j mice were bred under specific pathogen-free (SPF) conditions at the Forschungseinrichtungen für Experimentelle Medizin (Charité – University Medicine, Berlin, Germany). The murine gut microbiota was depleted as described previously [27 (link)]. In brief, 8-weeks-old mice were transferred into sterile cages and subjected to a broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment for 8 to 10 weeks by adding ampicillin plus sulbactam (1 g/L; Ratiopharm, Germany), vancomycin (500 mg/L; Cell Pharm, Germany), ciprofloxacin (200 mg/L; Bayer Vital, Germany), imipenem (250 mg/L; MSD, Germany), and metronidazole (1 g/L; Fresenius, Germany) to the drinking water (ad libitum) resulting in secondary abiotic mice. Three days before infecton, the antibiotic cocktail was replaced by autoclaved tap water to assure antibiotic washout in mice.
Mrazek K., Bereswill S, & Heimesaat M.M. (2019). Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Decreases Intestinal Loads of Multi-Drug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Murine Carriers. European Journal of Microbiology & Immunology, 9(1), 14-22.
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6

Generation of Abiotic Mouse Model

Cited 1 time
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Female C57BL/6j mice were bred and maintained under SPF conditions in the Forschungsinstitute für Experimentelle Medizin (Charité – University Medicine, Berlin, Germany). Secondary abiotic mice with a virtually depleted microbiota were generated as described previously (Heimesaat et al., 2006 (link)). In brief, 8 weeks old mice were transferred into sterile cages and subjected to a broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment for 8 weeks by adding ampicillin plus sulbactam (1 g/L; Ratiopharm, Germany), vancomycin (500 mg/L; Cell Pharm, Germany), ciprofloxacin (200 mg/L; Bayer Vital, Germany), imipenem (250 mg/L; MSD, Germany) and metronidazole (1 g/L; Fresenius, Germany) to the drinking water (ad libitum). Cultural and culture-independent (i.e., 16S rRNA based molecular) quality control measures revealed virtual absence of bacteria in fecal samples as described earlier (Ekmekciu et al., 2017 (link)).
von Klitzing E., Ekmekciu I., Bereswill S, & Heimesaat M.M. (2017). Intestinal and Systemic Immune Responses upon Multi-drug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Colonization of Mice Harboring a Human Gut Microbiota. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8, 2590.
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7

Generation of Gnotobiotic Mice

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Female C57BL/6j mice were bred under specific pathogen-free conditions in the Forschungsinstitute für Experimentelle Medizin (Charité-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany). Gnotobiotic (i.e. secondary abiotic) mice with a virtually depleted microbiota were generated as described previously [11 (link)]. In brief, 8 weeks old mice were transferred to sterile cages and subjected to a broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment for 8–10 weeks by adding ampicillin plus sulbactam (1 g/L; Ratiopharm, Germany), vancomycin (500 mg/L; Cell Pharm, Germany), ciprofloxacin (200 mg/L; Bayer Vital, Germany), imipenem (250 mg/L; MSD, Germany) and metronidazole (1 g/L; Fresenius, Germany) to the drinking water (ad libitum).
von Klitzing E., Ekmekciu I., Bereswill S, & Heimesaat M.M. (2017). Acute ileitis facilitates infection with multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in human microbiota-associated mice. Gut Pathogens, 9, 4.
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8

Antibiotic Depletion of Gut Microbiome in IL10-/- Mice

Cited 2 times
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Female and male IL10–/– mice and IL10–/– mice lacking TLR4 (TLR4–/– × IL10–/–) (all in C57BL/10ScSn background) were bred and housed within the same specific pathogen-free unit of the Forschungseinrichtungen für Experimentelle Medizin (FEM, Charité – University Medicine Berlin). Immediately after weaning (i.e., at the age of 3 weeks), sex-matched mice of either genotype were subjected to a broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment as described earlier [13 (link), 20 (link)]. In brief, mice were transferred to sterile cages and treated with a quintuple antibiotic cocktail consisting of ampicillin plus sulbactam (1 g/l; Ratiopharm, Ulm, Germany), vancomycin (500 mg/l; Cell Pharm, Hannover, Germany), ciprofloxacin (200 mg/l; Bayer Vital, Leverkusen, Germany), imipenem (250 mg/l; MSD, Haar, Germany), and metronidazole (1 g/l; Fresenius, Bad Homburg, Germany) via the drinking water ad libitum for 4 months. Cultural and culture-independent (i.e., 16S rRNA based molecular) quality control measures revealed virtual absence of bacteria in fecal samples as described previously [13 (link), 21 (link)].
Grunau A., Escher U., Bereswill S, & Heimesaat M.M. (2017). Toll-Like Receptor-4 Dependent Inflammatory Responses Following Intestinal Colonization of Secondary Abiotic IL10-Deficient Mice with Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas Aeruginosa. European Journal of Microbiology & Immunology, 7(3), 210-219.
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9

Generation of Abiotic Mice via Antibiotics

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Female C57BL/6j mice were bred and maintained within the same specific pathogen free (SPF) unit in the Forschungseinrichtungen für Experimentelle Medizin (FEM, Charité-University Medicine Berlin). Secondary abiotic mice virtually lacking an intestinal microbiota were generated by broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment for 8 weeks as described previously [29 (link)]. In brief, 8–10 week old mice were transferred to sterile cages and treated with a quintuple broad-spectrum antibiotic cocktail consisting of ampicillin plus sulbactam (1 g/L; Ratiopharm, Ulm, Germany), vancomycin (500 mg/L; Cell Pharm, Hannover, Germany), ciprofloxacin (200 mg/L; Bayer Vital, Leverkusen, Germany), imipenem (250 mg/L; MSD, Haar, Germany) and metronidazole (1 g/L; Fresenius, Bad Homburg, Germany) via the drinking water ad libitum for 8 weeks. Absence of cultivable bacteria in feces samples (applying thioglycolate enrichment broths; Oxoid, Wesel, Germany) for at least three consecutive weeks was used as a quality control for the successful depletion of the gut microbiota [29 (link)].
Ekmekciu I., Fiebiger U., Stingl K., Bereswill S, & Heimesaat M.M. (2017). Amelioration of intestinal and systemic sequelae of murine Campylobacter jejuni infection by probiotic VSL#3 treatment. Gut Pathogens, 9, 17.
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10

Generation of Gnotobiotic Mice

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C57BL/6j mice were reared and maintained under specific pathogen-free (SPF) conditions in the Forschungsinstitute für Experimentelle Medizin (Charité – University Medicine, Berlin, Germany). Secondary abiotic (i.e., gnotobiotic) mice with a virtually depleted microbiota were generated as described previously [15 (link)]. In brief, 8-week-old mice were transferred into sterile cages and subjected to a broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment for at least 8 weeks by adding ampicillin plus sulbactam (1 g/l; Ratiopharm, Germany), vancomycin (500 mg/l; Cell Pharm, Germany), ciprofloxacin (200 mg/l; Bayer Vital, Germany), imipenem (250 mg/l; MSD, Germany), and metronidazole (1 g/l; Fresenius, Germany) to the drinking water (ad libitum).
von Klitzing E., Öz F., Ekmekciu I., Escher U., Bereswill S, & Heimesaat M.M. (2017). Comprehensive Survey of Intestinal Microbiota Changes in Offspring of Human Microbiota-Associated Mice. European Journal of Microbiology & Immunology, 7(1), 65-75.
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