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1

Characterization of Genetically Diverse Mtb Strains

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We used nine genetically distinct Mtb strains, with three strains from each of the following Mtb lineages: Lineage 1 (L1; also known as the East-Africa and India Lineage), Lineage 2 (L2; the East Asian Lineage), and Lineage 4 (L4; the Euro-American Lineage) (Comas et al. 2010 (link); Gagneux 2018 (link)). All strains were previously isolated from patients, fully drug-susceptible, and previously characterized by Borrell et al. (2019) (link) (supplementary table S1, Supplementary Material online).
Prior to all experimentation, starter cultures for each Mtb strain were prepared by recovering a 20 μl aliquot from frozen stocks into a 10 ml volume of Middlebrook 7H9 broth (BD), supplemented with an albumin (Fraction V, Roche), dextrose (Sigma–Aldrich), catalase (Sigma–Aldrich), and 0.05% Tween 80 (AppliChem) (hereafter designated as 7H9 ADC). These starter cultures were incubated until their optical density at wavelength of 600 nm (OD600) was ∼0.50, and were then used for in vitro assays.
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2

Fibroblast Lectin Staining Protocol

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Patients and control fibroblasts (80–90% confluence) were cultured on coverslips in six well plates in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS, under 5% CO2 atmosphere. For lectin staining, coverslips were washed 3 times with PBS (+/+) (Euromedex, Souffelweyersheim, France) and mounted in a wet chamber. PNA-Cy5 or VVL-Fluorescein lectins (Vector laboratories, California, USA) were diluted at 2 μg/ml in PBS + 0.1% of BSA (Fraction V, Roche Diagnostics, Rotkreuz, Switzerland), applied on coverslips and incubated for 1 h at room temperature protected from light. The coverslips were then washed three times and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS pH 7.3, for 30 min at room temperature. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (PBS) and coverslips were then mounted on glass slides with Mowiol.
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3

Macrophage Cytokine Response to AaPAL

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The cells cultured as described above were first pre-treated with 50 µL of supplemented D-MEM containing 4 µg of anti-mouse TLR2 antibody, anti-mouse TLR4 antibody, or isotype controls (eBiosciences), in 5% CO2 at 37°C for 2 h. Each series also contained 50 µL of D-MEM without any added antibody to show the basal stimulation effect of the studied substance. After incubation, the medium was replaced by 250 µL of fresh D-MEM supplemented with either 1.5 µg/mL AaPAL preparation, 1 µg/mL synthetic bacterial lipopeptide Pam3CSK4 (EMC microcollections GmbH), 1.5 µg/mL bovine serum albumin (Fraction V, Roche Diagnostics Corporation), or no additional component. BSA was added to the experiments, because our AaPAL preparation contained small amounts of BSA as a contaminant [28]. The macrophages were stimulated in 5% CO2 at 37°C for 24 h, after which the medium samples were collected and stored and the amount of produced cytokines analysed as described above.
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4

Cytokine and Histamine Quantification in Milk and Plasma

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Concentrations of cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, CCL2, G-CSF, and CXCL1) and histamine were determined in milk and plasma using ELISAs. ELISAs for TNF-α and IL-6 (R&D Systems) were performed according to the manufacturers’ instructions with the following modifications: 96-well microtiter plates (Immunoplate MaxiSorp; Nunc) were coated with capture antibody for 16–17 h. Blocking was allowed to proceed for 2.5–3 h. For milk, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) supplemented with 5% Tween-20 and 25% skim milk (IL-6) or PBS supplemented with 5% Tween-20 and 75% skim milk (TNF-α) were used as sample and standard diluent. For plasma, PBS supplemented with 5% Tween-20 was used as a sample and standard diluent. CCL2 ELISAs (VetSet; Kingfisher Biotech) were performed according to the manufacturers’ instructions with the following modifications: PBS supplemented with 4% bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used as a reagent diluent. G-CSF, CXCL1 (MyBioSource) and histamine ELISAs (AH Diagnostics; EIA-4616 for milk, EIA-4005 for plasma) were performed according to the manufacturers’ instructions. All buffers were prepared fresh. PBS was prepared from tablets (Medicago). Tween-20 (Merck) and BSA (Fraction V; Roche Diagnostics) for buffers were always taken from fresh stocks. Skim milk was prepared from commercially available low pasteurized unhomogenized whole milk as described above.
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5

Mitochondrial Function Assay Protocol

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The following chemicals were used for supplementation and additions: fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin (BSA), Fraction V (Cat#10775835001, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim Germany); malate (Cat#M9138, Sigma); glutamate (Cat#G1626, Sigma); ADP (Cat##01905, Sigma). An inhibitor of adenine nucleotide translocase, carboxyatractyloside (CATR) (Cat#216200, Calbiochem, San Diego, CA, USA), was dissolved in 20 mM Tes, pH 7.2. Oleate (sodium salt) (Cat#O7501, Sigma) was dissolved in 50% ethanol; FCCP (Cat#C2920, Sigma) and oligomycin (Cat#O4876, Sigma) were dissolved in 95% ethanol. Used concentrations of ethanol do not affect mitochondrial function.
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