Chitosan from shrimp shells (75–85% degree of deacetylation and 1747.5 g/mol of molecular weight), 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC) solution, and methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) solution were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Acetic acid, sodium carbonate, methyl alcohol, sodium hydroxide, and iodine were purchased from Duksan Pure Chemicals Co., Ltd. (Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, Korea).
Tryptic soy broth (TSB), tryptic soy agar (TSA), yeast malt broth (YMB), and yeast malt agar (YMA) were purchased from KisanBio Co., Ltd. (Seoul, Korea). Potato dextrose broth (PDB), potato dextrose agar (PDA), and peptone water were gained from Difco (Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD, USA). YM 3M Petri film was purchased from 3M Corporation (St. Paul, MN, USA). Test microbial strains, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 13565, enterotoxin A), Escherichia coli O157: H7 (ATCC 11234), Candida albicans (ATCC 18804), and Aspergillus flavus (ATCC 22546), were obtained from the Korean Culture Center of Microorganisms (KCCM, Seoul, Korea). Human keratinocyte HaCaT cells were provided by Dr S.J. Kim (CHA University, Seoul, Korea). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), and 1% penicillin/streptomycin were purchased from Gibco (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).
Tryptic soy broth (TSB), tryptic soy agar (TSA), yeast malt broth (YMB), and yeast malt agar (YMA) were purchased from KisanBio Co., Ltd. (Seoul, Korea). Potato dextrose broth (PDB), potato dextrose agar (PDA), and peptone water were gained from Difco (Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD, USA). YM 3M Petri film was purchased from 3M Corporation (St. Paul, MN, USA). Test microbial strains, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 13565, enterotoxin A), Escherichia coli O157: H7 (ATCC 11234), Candida albicans (ATCC 18804), and Aspergillus flavus (ATCC 22546), were obtained from the Korean Culture Center of Microorganisms (KCCM, Seoul, Korea). Human keratinocyte HaCaT cells were provided by Dr S.J. Kim (CHA University, Seoul, Korea). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), and 1% penicillin/streptomycin were purchased from Gibco (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).