The structural investigations of the prepared samples were carried using a powder X-ray diffractograms (2θ = 5°–70°, Phillips powder diffractometer operating with copper Kα radiation source/λ = 1.54060 Å). The obtained XRD data were processed with X'Pert HighScore software, where the Miller indices (hkl) and their corresponding interplanar distance (dhkl) were identified.
The presence of the metal-oxide groups was studied using a PerkinElmer Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectrometer in transmission mode, in the range 400–4000 cm−1.
The morphological properties and the surface elemental composition (energy dispersive X-ray spectrum) of the synthesized samples were obtained using a scanning electron microscope (Model JEOL JSM7100F) coupled with EDX spectrometer using double-faced adhesive carbon pads (AGG3347N from Agar Scientific). In order to estimate the average grain size, the Image J software was then used.36 The optical properties were studied in the form of pellets using a UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer (Model Perkin- ELMER 365, 300–800 nm). The reflectance spectra were recorded between 300 and 800 nm. The photoluminescence measurements were recorded using a Jobin Yvon HR 250 spectrometer at room temperature with an excitation of 266 nm.
The optical absorption spectra were measured by a Shimadzu UV-1800 UV-visible spectrophotometer.
The presence of the metal-oxide groups was studied using a PerkinElmer Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectrometer in transmission mode, in the range 400–4000 cm−1.
The morphological properties and the surface elemental composition (energy dispersive X-ray spectrum) of the synthesized samples were obtained using a scanning electron microscope (Model JEOL JSM7100F) coupled with EDX spectrometer using double-faced adhesive carbon pads (AGG3347N from Agar Scientific). In order to estimate the average grain size, the Image J software was then used.36 The optical properties were studied in the form of pellets using a UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer (Model Perkin- ELMER 365, 300–800 nm). The reflectance spectra were recorded between 300 and 800 nm. The photoluminescence measurements were recorded using a Jobin Yvon HR 250 spectrometer at room temperature with an excitation of 266 nm.
The optical absorption spectra were measured by a Shimadzu UV-1800 UV-visible spectrophotometer.