The dry (DM) and organic matter (OM) were analyzed according to Polish Standards (PN-EN 12880:2004 and PN-EN 12879:2004) [36 ,37 ]. The pH and potential redox (Eh) of the sewage sludge were measured using a multifunctional meter, CPR-411 (Elmetron), equipped with two electrodes, IJ44A and ERS-2 (Elmetron), respectively. Sample analysis involved determination of the total concentrations and chemical forms of the selected heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Hg) in the sewage sludge, collected at two stages of its processing line (S1 and S2). The total heavy metal concentrations in the obtained samples and extracts were determined using inductively coupled plasma optical spectrometry (Avio 200 ICP-OES, PerkinElmer Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). Mercury was assayed with cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS). The limits of quantifications (LOQs) were 0.015, 0.019, 0.025, 0.020, 0.027, 0.024 and 0.0005 mg·L−1 for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Hg, respectively. All measurements were performed in triplicate.
Avio 200 icp oes
Manufactured by PerkinElmer
Sourced in United States
The Avio 200 ICP-OES is an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer designed for elemental analysis. It is capable of detecting and quantifying a wide range of elements in various sample types.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Cpr 411, by Elmetron (1 mentions)
Ij44a, by Elmetron (1 mentions)
Ers 2, by Elmetron (1 mentions)
Sodium borohydride nabh4, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Hydroquinone, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Gold 3 chloride trihydrate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Silver nitrate agno3, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Multiwave 3000, by Anton Paar (1 mentions)
D8 advance, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Seal auto analyzer, by SEAL Analytical (1 mentions)
8 protocols using avio 200 icp oes
1
Sewage Sludge Heavy Metal Analysis
2
Comprehensive Nutritional Analysis of Test Ingredients
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The test ingredients were analyzed for gross energy (GE) using a bomb calorimetry (Parr 1261, Parr Instrument Co., Moline, IL, USA). Dry matter in the test ingredients was analyzed (Ahn et al., 2014 (link)). Crude protein (method 990.03), ether extract (EE; method 920.39), and ash (method 942.05) in the test ingredients were also analyzed as described in AOAC International (2016) . The test ingredients were also analyzed for calcium (Ca; method 978.02) and phosphorus (P; method 946.06) concentrations using a Perkin Elmer Avio 200 ICP-OES (Perkin Elmer, Shelton, CT, USA) as described in AOAC International (2016) . Amino acids in the test ingredients were liberated from the protein by hydrolysis with 6 mol/L HCl at 110 °C for 24 h under nitrogen atmosphere. Performic acid oxidation occurred before acid hydrolysis for methionine and cysteine. Amino acids in hydrolysates were determined by HPLC after post-column derivatization (method 982.30; AOAC International, 2016 ).
3
Colloidal Synthesis and Characterization of Metal Nanoparticles
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Silver nitrate (AgNO3), gold(iii ) chloride trihydrate (HAuCl4·3H2O), and sodium borohydride (NaBH4) were bought from Sigma Aldrich. Hydroquinone (HQ, 99%) was purchased from Alfa Aesar. Sodium hydroxide pellets and hydrochloric acid (35–37%) were purchased from Rankem. All chemicals were used as received without any further purification. Ultra-pure water (18.2 MΩ cm−1) was used in all the synthesis.
All extinction spectra were recorded using a V-750 JASCO UV-visible spectrophotometer in a 1 cm quartz cuvette at room temperature (25–28 °C). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in combination with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), was done using SEM (SM-7600F Schottky Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope from JEOL) at 15 kV. For all length-related histograms, a minimum of 100 particles were measured to obtain the average size distribution using ImageJ software. Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) were acquired using a Tecnai F30 field emission microscope, where the sample was drop-casted on a 300-mesh copper grid. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) data were recorded using an Avio 200-ICP-OES by PerkinElmer. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) was carried out using a PHI 5000 Versa prob II, FEI Inc.
All extinction spectra were recorded using a V-750 JASCO UV-visible spectrophotometer in a 1 cm quartz cuvette at room temperature (25–28 °C). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in combination with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), was done using SEM (SM-7600F Schottky Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope from JEOL) at 15 kV. For all length-related histograms, a minimum of 100 particles were measured to obtain the average size distribution using ImageJ software. Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) were acquired using a Tecnai F30 field emission microscope, where the sample was drop-casted on a 300-mesh copper grid. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) data were recorded using an Avio 200-ICP-OES by PerkinElmer. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) was carried out using a PHI 5000 Versa prob II, FEI Inc.
4
Sequential Extraction of Heavy Metals in Sludge
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To determine the chemical forms of heavy metals in sludge samples, the three-step chemical sequential extraction procedure of the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR; now the Standards, Measurements and Testing Programme), was used. Additionally, after completion of the sequential extraction procedure, the residual heavy metal contents were determined. The concentrations of heavy metals in water extracts were analyzed with inductively coupled plasma optical spectrometry (Avio 200 ICP-OES, PerkinElmer Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). The experiments were performed in triplicate. A scheme of the sequential extraction is shown in Table 2 .
5
Determination of Heavy Metals in Sludge
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Determination of the total heavy metal concentrations (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) included sludge sample preparation, i.e., initial drying for 48 h at room temperature until air-dried and then to constant mass at 105 °C. In the next step, sludge samples were milled in a mortar grinder. Afterwards, 0.2 g of sample was digested with nitric acid (HNO3) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) in a Teflon flask, using a microwave digestion system (Multiwave 3000, Anton Paar GmbH, Graz, Austria). Obtained solutions were filtered through fine filters (0.45 µm) and diluted with 5% HNO3 to a volume of 50 ml. Samples were stored at 4 °C prior to analysis. The total heavy metal concentrations were determined using inductively coupled plasma optical spectrometry (Avio 200 ICP-OES, PerkinElmer Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). Mercury was assayed with cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CVAAS). All standards were prepared on the day of analysis. The limits of detection (LODs) were 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.1, 0.8, 0.8, and 4.2 mg kg−1 for Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn, respectively. The measurements were performed in triplicate.
6
Elemental Analysis of Caucasian Wingnut Leaves
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Dried Caucasian wingnut leaf samples (0.1 g) were extracted in 40 mL of 4% HNO3 to determine Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P, Zn, and Cd contents (Wheal and Palmer, 2010 (link)). The ion concentrations were measured using inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (Avio 200 ICP-OES, PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA).
7
Characterization of Graphene-Based Materials
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CV, EIS, and DPV
studies were carried out using the electrochemical workstation (model
CHI660C, CH Instruments). The characterizations of the materials GO,
rGO, and ErGO were analyzed using a Powder XRD (Model Bruker D8 Advance),
FTIR spectrophotometer (Model Shimadzu IR Affinity-1), TA instruments
(Model SDT Q600), Nanosizer (Model Horiba Scientific, SZ 100), UV–visible
spectrophotometer JASCO (V-670 PC), SEM (Model Carl Zeiss EVO/18 Research),
FESEM (Thermo Fisher FEI QUANTA 250 FEG), and Avio 200 ICP-OES (Perkin
Elmer).
studies were carried out using the electrochemical workstation (model
CHI660C, CH Instruments). The characterizations of the materials GO,
rGO, and ErGO were analyzed using a Powder XRD (Model Bruker D8 Advance),
FTIR spectrophotometer (Model Shimadzu IR Affinity-1), TA instruments
(Model SDT Q600), Nanosizer (Model Horiba Scientific, SZ 100), UV–visible
spectrophotometer JASCO (V-670 PC), SEM (Model Carl Zeiss EVO/18 Research),
FESEM (Thermo Fisher FEI QUANTA 250 FEG), and Avio 200 ICP-OES (Perkin
Elmer).
8
Comprehensive Water Quality Analysis
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Immediately after arriving in the laboratory, water samples stored in Nalgene bottles were filtered through a 0.45 µm glass filter (MilliporeSigma, Burlington, MA, USA) and stored at −20 °C for amplicon sequencing. Additional water samples were frozen and stored for nutrient composition analysis. Total phosphorus and total nitrogen were determined using the persulfate digestion method [28 ] and analyzed using a Seal AutoAnalyzer (Seal AA500; Seal Analytical, WI, USA). Biologically relevant elements (Boron, Copper, Calcium, Potassium, Sodium, Iron, Cobalt, Magnesium, Manganese, Aluminum, and Zinc) were quantified using an Avio 200 ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer) (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA) following Standard Method 3120 [29 ].
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