2 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl dpph gallic acid

Manufactured by Merck Group

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2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) is a stable free radical compound used in various analytical and research applications. Gallic acid is a naturally occurring phenolic compound with antioxidant properties. These products are commonly used as standards and reagents in chemical and biological assays.

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6 protocols using 2 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl dpph gallic acid

Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Herbs

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2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), gallic acid and tetracycline were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Carbopol^® 940 was supplied by BF Goodrich (Cleveland, OH, USA). Propylene glycol and triethanolamine were supplied from Fisher Scientific (Leicestershire, UK). Propionibacterium acnes (DMST 14916) was obtained from the Department of Medical Science, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand. Brain heart infusion (BHI) media were purchased from Himedia laboratories (Mumbai, India). Clindalin^® gel (clindamycin 1% gel, Union Drug Laboratories Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand) was purchased from a drugstore. Distilled and sterile water was used across the study. All other chemicals and solvents were of analytical grade and used as received.
Andrographis paniculata and Centella asiatica leaves were collected as fresh herbs from the Krasaesin district, Songkhla, Thailand. The stem bark powder of Hesperethusa crenulata or Thanaka was obtained from the Thongphaphum district, Kanchanaburi, Thailand. The Benchalokawichian remedy was purchased as the dried powder from the Thaprachan herb shop, Bangkok, Thailand.

Jantarat C., Sirathanarun P., Chuchue T., Konpian A., Sukkua G, & Wongprasert P. (2018). In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Gel Containing the Herbal Ball Extract against Propionibacterium acnes. Scientia Pharmaceutica, 86(1), 8.

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Phytochemical Analysis of Herbal Drugs

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Different parts of plants were procured from the herbal drugs market (Universal Trading Company) in Delhi, India (Table 1), DTNB (5, 5-dithiobis-(2- nitrobenzoic acid)); bovine serum albumin, AChE, acetylthiocholine iodide, 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), gallic acid, rutin, withanolide S and myristicin were procured from Sigma-Aldrich, United States. Other chemicals and reagents used were of analytical grade (AR) and procured from SRL chemicals, India.

Khan M.A., Srivastava V., Kabir M., Samal M., Insaf A., Ibrahim M., Zahiruddin S, & Ahmad S. (2021). Development of Synergy-Based Combination for Learning and Memory Using in vitro, in vivo and TLC-MS-Bioautographic Studies. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, 678611.

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Characterization of Synthetic Caffeamide Derivative K36-21

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The compounds 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), gallic acid, LPS (E. coli serotype 0127-8B), dexamethasone (DXMS), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), huperzine A, and Aβ peptide were purchased from Sigma (Sigma-Aldrich Corporation, St. Louis, MO, USA) and dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethanol or double-distilled water at appropriate concentrations. After preparation, the solutions were stored at −20 °C until use. Stock solutions were diluted to desired concentrations immediately before use. Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), nerve growth factor (NGF), l-glutamine, antibiotics (penicillin and streptomycin), and trypsin-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were procured from Gibco BRL (Thermo Fisher Scientific Corporation, Grand Island, NY, USA). Acetylthiocholine iodide (ATCh) and 5, 5-dithio-bis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) were obtained from AAT Bioquest® Inc. (Sunnyvale, CA, USA). In addition, a synthetic caffeamide derivative (K36-21) was derived from Professor Kuo's laboratory using the amide-binding coupling method, as previously described [30 (link),31 (link)], and its chemical structure is shown in Fig. 1b. It is a structural analog of ceramide, the bioactive ingredient of the adlay hull, primarily responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity [27 (link)].

Tsay G.J., Lin Y.T., Hsu C.H., Tang F.Y., Kuo Y.H, & Chao C.Y. (2021). Adlay hull extracts attenuate β-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity and oxidative stress in PC12 cells through antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities. Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports, 26, 101020.

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Phytochemical and Antioxidant Analysis

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All chemicals used were of analytical grade. Methanol (MeOH), Ethanol (EtOH), chloroform, Folin-Ciocalteu, ascorbic acid, aluminum chloride hexahydrate (AlCl3.6H2O) and rutin were purchased from BDH (England). 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), gallic acid, sodium carbonate anhydrous (Na2CO3), potassium ferricyanide, trichloroacetic acid and iron (III) chloride (FeCl3), were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (USA). Samples were weighed using a RADWAG XA 82/220/2X laboratory balance. The absorbance values were measured using a VWR UV-6300PC double beam spectrophotometer and extracts were concentrated using HEIDOLPH (Germany) rotavapor apparatus.

ALI M.E., Jaber A., DORRA Z., Riachy M.E., Ibrahim G., & Cheble E. (2021). Chemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Four Propolis Samples Collected from Different Regions of Lebanon. Journal of Apitherapy and Nature, 4(1), 1-21.

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Antioxidant Activity Evaluation Methods

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Folin Ciocalteu phenol reagents, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), gallic acid, 1,1,3,3 tetramethoxypropane (TMP) and trichloroacetic acid were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (Sternheim, Germany). Aluminum chloride, sodium carbonate, sodium erythorbate (SE), potassium acetate, ethanol, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and chloroform were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany) and their purities were all over 99%. Absolute alcohol was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany). All reagents used were of analytical grade.

Anjos O., Cardoso S.M., Carpes S.T., Delgado T., Estevinho L.M., Farinha N., Fernandes R, & Paula V. (2019). Bee pollen as a natural antioxidant source to prevent lipid oxidation in black pudding. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft + [i.e. und] Technologie. Food science + technology. Science + technologie alimentaire, 111.

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Antioxidant Extraction from Fig Leaves

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Dried fig leaves were bought in one of the Tuzla markets. The leaves were ground to a powder using an electric grinder and subjected to extraction in this form. Ultrapure water, prepared with a TKA Smart2Pure device, was used for the extraction process. Methanol, glacial acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, sodium carbonate were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). 2,2`-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), gallic acid and 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ) were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, Missouri, USA). Iron(II) sulphate heptahydrate and iron(III) chloride hexahydrate were purchased from Honeywell (Charlotte, North Carolina, USA). Folin & Ciocalteu's reagent was purchased from Semikem (Bosnia and Herzegovina).

Merzic S., Sehanovic A., Mušic A., Saric A., Alic M., Avdic A., Huskic A., Yazici B., Basic M., Pavić I., & Horozić E. (2021). Influence of solvents on polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of fig leaf extracts obtained by maceration and ultrasonic extraction. International Journal of Advanced Chemistry, 9(2), 70-70.

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