Titanium tetrachloride ticl4

We used titanium(IV)butoxide (Ti(OBu)₄, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA; 97%), titanium(IV)iso-prop-oxide (Ti(OⁱPr)₄, TTIP, Sigma-Aldrich, 97%), titanium tetrachloride (TiCl₄, Sigma-Aldrich, 99.9%), carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt (CMC, M_W = 90,000 g mol⁻¹, Sigma-Aldrich), calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl₂⸱2 H₂O, Sigma-Aldrich, >99%), methanol (Fisher Chemicals, Schwerte, Germany; p.a.), acetic acid (VWR Chemicals, Darmstadt, Germany, p.a., 99.7%), hydrochloric acid (VWR Chemicals, p.a., 37%), sulfuric acid (Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany; 96%), and potassium hydroxide (Sigma-Aldrich, 90%) as obtained. Ultrapure water was prepared with a Purelab ultra instrument (ELGA LabWater, Celle, Germany). All syntheses and characterizations were carried out with ultrapure water as solvent unless otherwise noted. Prior to the syntheses, all glassware was cleaned with concentrated sulfuric acid (140 °C, 30 min) and thoroughly washed with boiling water. Finally, all glassware was sterilized at 200 °C for 3 h.

Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl₄), purity ≥ 99%, was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Merck KGaA, Darmstadt Germany. The plant extract was prepared from healthy leaves of Aloe vera collected from the Botany department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University. Sodium alginate (SA) was purchased from Loba Chemie, Mumbai, India. Double distilled (DD) water was purchased from Al-Gomhoria Company, Cairo, Egypt.

Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl₄, 94%) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂, 35%) were procured from Sigma Aldrich, (St. Louis, MO, USA). Unsaturated Polyester resin, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP), and cobalt were purchased from the Nimir group of industries, in Lahore, Pakistan. Ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH, 88%), used as a catalyst for the TiO₂ synthesis, was purchased from Sigma Aldrich. All chemicals used were of analytical grade. Deionized water and washed glassware were used throughout the experiment.