Acarbose

The study utilized specific C. albicans strains, including the reference strains SC5314 and ATCC 90,028, along with the clinical isolate BF1, generously provided by Dr. Prasanna Neelakandan from the University of Hong Kong^{44 (link),45 (link)}. These strains were cultured on Yeast Extract Peptone Dextrose agar (YEPDA) at 37 °C under aerobic conditions. In preparation for each experiment, a single colony from the YEPDA plates was selected, suspended in Yeast Peptone Dextrose broth (YPD), and subjected to overnight incubation at 37 °C under aerobic conditions. Following incubation, the cultures were centrifuged at 6000 rpm for 10 min and underwent two washes with phosphate buffer saline (PBS). A standardized cell suspension was subsequently prepared by adjusting the Optical Density (OD₅₂₀) to a range of 0.327–0.351, yielding a cell concentration of 1.5 × 10⁷ CFU/mL. Acarbose, sourced from Sisco Research Laboratories Pvt. Ltd in India, was used, and working concentrations of the compounds were achieved by dissolving them in YPD broth. All experiments were carried out in triplicate on three independent occasions.

Ascorbic acid, acetic acid, anethole standard, 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), methanol, ethanol, sodium phosphate dibasic, hydrochloric acid (HCl), potassium ferricyanide, sodium phosphate monobasic, tricarboxylic acid (TCA), ferric chloride, ABTS (2, 2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), ferrous chloride, ferrozine, ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS), ethylenediamminetetracetic acid (EDTA) and acetocarmine were procured from Sigma-Aldrich Co. Germany, mueller–hinton broth (MHB) and agar (MBA), potato dextrose broth (PDB) and agar (PDA), casein, perchloric acid, potassium persulfate, ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid, and trypsin were procured from (HiMedia Nashik, India), sodium diclofenac was procured from Geltec Private Limited, Bangalore, acarbose was purchased from Sisco Research Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. (SRL) and other standards of the essential oil were procured from Sigma Aldrich Germany., and albumin was extracted from a fresh egg collected from local market of Jorhat, India.