Aspc 1

PDAC cell lines (AsPC-1, BxPC-3, CFPAC-1, MIAPaCa-2 and PANC-1), human pancreatic ductal immortalized cells (HPNE) and human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293T) were purchased from the Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). BxPC-3 and CFPAC-1 cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium (Gibco). AsPC-1, PANC-1, MIA PaCa-2, HPNE and HEK-293T cells were cultured in high-glucose DMEM (Gibco). All media were supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco), 100 IU/mL penicillin and 100 μg/mL streptomycin (NCM, Suzhou, China). All cells were cultured at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO₂. All cells were authenticated using STR profiling and tested negative for mycoplasma contamination.

Human PC cell lines, AsPC-1, BxPC-3, PANC-1, MIA PaCa-2, and SW1990 were obtained from the Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). Capan-2 cell line was purchased from the Bei Na Culture Collection (Beijing, China). PANC02 cell line was obtained from the Cell Biology Laboratory of China Medical University. All these cell lines were maintained in recommended growth media with 10% fetal calf serum (Gibco Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). All cell lines were maintained according to the medium recommended by ATCC, supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Gibco Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 ng/ml streptomycin (Beyotime, China). The cells were cultured at 37°C in a humidified chamber supplemented with 5% CO2.
The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Eastern Hospital of Hepatobiliary Surgery. All 40 paraffin-embedded and 44 fresh ductal adenocarcinoma samples were obtained from patients who underwent surgical resection at the First Hospital of China Medical University (Shenyang, China) between 2010 and 2019. All the fresh specimens were snapped-frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen.

Human PC cell lines CAPAN‐1, AsPC‐1 and the normal pancreatic ductal epithelial cell line HPDE were purchased from the Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. All cell lines have been identified by STR. SQLE overexpression and knockdown lentiviruses were bought from GeneChem Co., Ltd and performed according to the manufacture's protocol.

All cells in the experiments, including AsPC-1 (RRID: CVCL_0152), BxPC-3 (RRID: CVCL_0186), PANC-1 (RRID: CVCL_0480), PaTu 8988t (RRID: CVCL_1847), and hTERT-HPNE (RRID: CVCL_C466) cells, were purchased from the Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China) and used for RT-qPCR. All human cell lines have been authenticated using STR profiling within the last three years and that all experiments were performed with mycoplasma-free cells. RNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA using a reverse transcription kit. Gently vortex and then put into the quantitative PCR instrument for amplification. Three technical replicates of each PCR reaction were conducted to ensure the credibility of the experiment. The forward and reverse primers were listed in Supplementary Table 10.

Pancreatic cancer cell lines (Aspc1, Bxpc3, Capan1, Mia-PaCa2, Panc1, Sw1990, and Patu8988) and the human pancreatic ductal epithelial cell line were purchased from the Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The cells were authenticated by STR, tested mycoplasma-negative, and were maintained in RPMI 1640, DMEM, and IMDM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and antibiotics.