Psa 1190 ld

Brake dust particles were provided by the Department of Ceramic Materials Engineering of the University of Bayreuth. Tribologically tested LowMet brake pads (provided by TMD company) were ground, after several braking cycles on a ceramic brake disc, that means after a dissipation of a total friction energy of about 15 MJ and temperatures up to 400°C. In order to reach the required fine-grained powder, 3 min in total, a vibrating cup mill with tungsten carbide grinding set up (pulverisette 9, Fritsch GmbH, Idar-Oberstein, Germany) was applied. A breakdown of the composition of such brake pads can be found in Breuer and Bill (66 (link)). The biggest fractions consist of steel wool [15% (w/w)], petrol coke [12% (w/w)], sulfides [10% (w/w)] as well as aluminum oxide and binder [both 5% (w/w)] (66 (link)). The particle sizes of the ground brake pads were measured using a laser diffraction particle size analyzer (PSA 1190 LD, Anton Paar GmbH, Ostfildern-Scharnhausen, Germany). The average particle size found was 10.19 ± 4.37 μm (D10 = 0.68 μm, D50 = 5.76 μm, D90 = 25.87 μm).

The particle size measurement of the magnetic polysaccharide carrier activated by polyethyleneimine was performed by laser diffraction of the dry preparation. The tests were performed on the apparatus PSA 1190 LD (Anton Paar, Graz, Austria).

The brake dust particles provided by the Chair of Ceramic Materials Engineering of the University of Bayreuth are derived from LowMet brake pads (provided by TMD Friction Holdings GmbH, Leverkusen, Germany) that were milled for 3 min in a vibrating cup mill with a tungsten carbide grinding set (Pulverisette 9, Fritsch GmbH, Idar‐Oberstein, Germany). LowMet brake pads are common and representative of passenger cars in Europe and consist of nonferrous metals (25% (w/w)), steel wool (15% (w/w)), petrol coke (12% (w/w)), sulfides (10% (w/w)), aluminum oxide (5% (w/w)), resin (5% (w/w)), graphite (4% (w/w)), mica (4% (w/w)), silicon carbide (3% (w/w)), barite (2% (w/w)), fibers (2% (w/w)), and rubber (1% (w/w)) (Wiaterek, 2012 ). The particle size distribution of the milled, fine‐grained powder was measured with a laser diffraction particle size analyzer (PSA 1190 LD, Anton Paar GmbH, Ostfildern‐Scharnhausen, Germany). The mean particle size found was 10.19 ± 4.37 μm (D10 = 0.68 μm (10% of all particles being smaller in diameter than this size), D50 = 5.76 μm (median particle size), D90 = 25.87 μm (90% of particles being smaller in diameter than this size)).