2 4 5 trimethoxycinnamic acid

Acetonitrile of HPLC grade, acetic acid and N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide + 10% trimethylchlorosilane (BSTFA + 10% TMCS) were from Fischer Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA, USA). 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, sucrose, glucose, fructose, citric acid, NaBH₄, N-methylimidazole, acetic anhydride, benzoic acid, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3-phenylpropionic acid, phenylacetic acid, 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid, dl-3-phenyllactic acid, dl-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)lactic acid, 5-phenylvaleric acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and 2,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid and toluene-α−thiol were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Quentin Fallavier, France). Phloretin, p-coumaric acid, quercetin and cyanidin-3-O-galactoside were obtained from Extrasynthese (Lyon, France). Phloridzin was obtained from Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland). Malic acid was obtained from R-Biopharm (Darmstadt, Germany). D3-Methanol was from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium). Acetonitrile was analytical grade and from Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA). Ethyl acetate, dichloromethane and hexane obtained from VWR International (Radnor, PA, USA).

Folin‐Ciocalteu (F‐C) reagent, sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), gallic acid, aluminum trichloride (AlCl₃), potassium acetate (CH₃COOK), quercetin, 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ascorbic acid, potassium persulfate (K₂S₂O₈), 2,2’‐azino‐bis‐(3‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Griess reagent, and Bay 11–7082 were supplied by Sigma‐Aldrich Co. Galangin was obtained from Extrasynthese. kaempferol‐3‐O‐galactoside, kaempferol‐3‐O‐neohesperidoside, 1‐O‐caffeoylquinic acid, apigenin‐7‐O‐glucoside, luteolin 7‐O‐(6''‐O‐malonyl)‐glucoside, 2,4,5‐trimethoxycinnamic acid, kaempferol‐3‐O‐(6‐O‐acetyl)B‐D‐glucopyranoside, kaempferol, apigenin‐7‐O‐B‐D‐glucuronide ethyl ester, and 1,5‐O‐dicaffeoylquinic acid were bought from Sigma. Deapi‐platycoside E, platycoside E, deapi‐platycodin D₃, deapi‐platycodin D, platycodin D₂, platycodin D, polygalacin D, and platyconic acid A were purchased from ChemFaces. Acetonitrile (ACN), ethanol (EtOH) and purified water were purchased from Fisher Scientific. Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) was purchased from Lonza, fetal bovine serum (FBS) was obtained from Gibco, and penicillin–streptomycin (Pen/Strep) was bought from Hyclone. EZ‐Cytox was supplied by Daeilbio.