The samples of known concentrations of E. coli contaminated water were prepared using the serial dilution method. The microbial count of these samples is determined using Spread Plate Method. These samples were inoculated to the functionalized GO nanomaterial in various molar ratios, and the voltage values were noted. For ensuring better calibration, the optical densities of these samples were also measured simultaneously. The water samples from various water matrices were collected and tested using the developed sensor for real water analysis. Conc. H2SO4, sodium meta periodate, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, H2O2 (30%), Diethylenetriamine (DETA), and phthalic anhydride were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a silicone-based organic polymer used for the fabrication of nanosensors34 (link). The silicone elastomer curing agent and its elastomer base were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. The protected DETA functionalized GO and free amine-functionalized GO (fGO) were prepared by the previously reported procedure35 .
Phthalic anhydride
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, Israel
Phthalic anhydride is a chemical compound used as a raw material in the production of various industrial and consumer products. It is a colorless, crystalline solid with a characteristic odor. Phthalic anhydride is commonly used as an intermediate in the synthesis of phthalate plasticizers, alkyd resins, and other chemical derivatives.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
P toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Acetic anhydride, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Neopentyl glycol, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Pyridine, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Succinic anhydride, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Tetrahydrofuran, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Anhydrous tetrahydrofuran, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Milli q water, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Imidazole, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Hydrazine monohydrate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
1 4 dioxane, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sebacic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Ethanol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
H2so4, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium metaperiodate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Diamine bapb, by Avantor (1 mentions)
Lignin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Adenosine triphosphate (atp), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ampicillin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
33 protocols using phthalic anhydride
1
Graphene-based E. coli Sensor Development
2
Polyimide R-BAPB Synthesis and Reinforcement
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A polyimide R-BAPB was synthesized in the form of a powder based on R (1,3-bis(3′,4-dicarboxyphenoxy) dianhydridebenzene), Tm ~164 °C (Techhimprom LLC, Yaroslavl, Russia), and diamine BAPB (4,4′-bis(4″-aminophenoxy)biphenyl), Tm ~198–199 °C (VWR International, Radnor, PA, USA). Phthalic anhydride, Tm ~131–134 °C (Sigma-Aldrich Co., LLC, St. Louis, MO, USA), was used as a chain growth limiter for the polycondensation reaction. Acetic anhydride, benzene, and triethylamine were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich Co., LLC.
The following fillers were used:
The following fillers were used:
VGCF—carbon nanofibers obtained by gas phase deposition (Pyrograf®-III, Cedarville, OH, USA) with an outer diameter of ~100 nm and a length of 20 to 200 µm.
CF—discrete carbon fibers (Umatex, Moscow, Russia) with a diameter of ~7 µm and a length of ~7 mm.
3
Synthesis of Alkoxylated Polymer Resin
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Example 5
13.6 g of a PEG-PPG-PEG block copolymer with —OH group functionality at each terminal end and having 1100 Daltons Mw (0.0124 moles) that is obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, 33.2 g of neopentyl glycol (0.31 moles, Sigma-Aldrich), and 48.7 g of phthalic anhydride (0.33 moles, Sigma-Aldrich) were weighed into a 250 ml 4-necked round bottom flask equipped with a heating mantle, overhead stirrer, temperature sensor, gas inlet, and a Dean-Stark trap with a condenser. The reaction was heated to 100° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere and 0.4 g p-toluene sulfonic acid monohydrate (0.002 moles, Sigma-Aldrich) as catalyst was added. The reaction was heated to 170-180° C. for 6 hours. The alkoxylated polymer resin that was produced was soft and had Mw of 2850 Daltons.
4
Lignin-based Biodegradable Polymer Composites
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Pure lignin (alkali low sulfonate content; CAS Number: 8068-05-1) was purchased from Evergreen Engineering & Resources, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia. The lignin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MI, USA) has a pH of 10.5 and a particle size of 44 ± 15 μm. Phthalic anhydride (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MI, USA) in powder form was also purchased from Evergreen Engineering & Resources, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia. Poly(butylene succinate) branded Sigma-Aldrich (average Mw 10,000; CAS Number 25569-53-3) and kenaf core with a fiber size of about 0.05–1.00 mm were purchased from Polycomposites Sdn.Bhd., Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
5
Purification and Characterization of Proteins
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Analytical grade chemicals and biochemicals were obtained from Boehringer (Mannheim, Germany), Sigma, BioRad (Germany) and Fluka (Neu Ulm, Germany). Coenzyme A (CoA) trilithium salt (Applichem GmbH, Germany), ampicillin, chloramphenicol, AMP, ATP, phthalate isomers, phthalic anhydride and other aromatic compounds were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich or Merck. Affinity His-tag and HiLoad 16/600 Superdex™ 75 pg columns used for protein purification were obtained from GE Healthcare (Germany).
6
Synthesis of PEG-PPG-PEG Block Copolymer Resin
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Example 4
13.6 g of a PEG-PPG-PEG block copolymer with —OH group functionality at each terminal end and having 1100 Daltons Mw (0.0124 moles) that is obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, 33.2 g of neopentyl glycol (0.31 moles, Sigma-Aldrich), and 46.2 g of phthalic anhydride (0.31 moles, Sigma-Aldrich) were weighed into a 250 ml 4-necked round bottom flask equipped with a heating mantle, overhead stirrer, temperature sensor, gas inlet, and a Dean-Stark trap with a condenser. The reaction was heated to 100° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere and 0.4 g p-toluene sulfonic acid monohydrate (0.002 moles, Sigma-Aldrich) as catalyst was added. The reaction was heated to 170-180° C. for 6 hours. The alkoxylated polymer resin that was produced was soft and tacky and had Mw of 1710 Daltons.
7
Synthesis and Characterization of PEG-Modified Biomaterials
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The
following analytical-grade
chemicals were purchased from commercial sources and used without
further purification: glutamic acid, acetic anhydride, phthalic anhydride,
TTEGDA, PPS, PVP (Mw 40k and Mw 360k), sodium hydroxide (1 N), hydrochloric acid (1
N), anhydrous dichloromethane, anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (THF), anhydrous
methanol, anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), O-[(N-succinimidyl)succinyl-aminoethyl-O′-methylpolyethylene
glycol (PEG-NHS, Mw 750), methacryloyl
chloride, tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite, and glutamine from Sigma
(Rehovot, Israel); APMA from Polysciences, Inc. (Warrington, PA);
dialysis membrane (1000k—16 mm), sodium carbonate, and sodium
bicarbonate from Bio-Lab Ltd. (Jerusalem, Israel); cyanine7 N-hydroxysuccinimide (Cy7-NHS) ester from Lumiprobe Corporation
(Florida, USA); Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (PBS),
Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), fetal bovine
serum (FBS), glutamine, and penicillin/streptomycin from Biological
Industries (Beit Haemek, Israel); human osteosarcoma cell line Saos-2
and human colon carcinoma cell line SW620 from American Type Culture
Collection (Manassas, VA); and Matrigel from Sigma (Germany). DDW was purified
by passing deionized DDW through an Elgastat Spectrum reverse osmosis
system (ELGA Ltd., High Wycombe, UK). Coral scaffold was received
as a gift from Boneus Ltd. (Haifa, Israel).
following analytical-grade
chemicals were purchased from commercial sources and used without
further purification: glutamic acid, acetic anhydride, phthalic anhydride,
TTEGDA, PPS, PVP (Mw 40k and Mw 360k), sodium hydroxide (1 N), hydrochloric acid (1
N), anhydrous dichloromethane, anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (THF), anhydrous
methanol, anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), O-[(N-succinimidyl)succinyl-aminoethyl-O′-methylpolyethylene
glycol (PEG-NHS, Mw 750), methacryloyl
chloride, tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite, and glutamine from Sigma
(Rehovot, Israel); APMA from Polysciences, Inc. (Warrington, PA);
dialysis membrane (1000k—16 mm), sodium carbonate, and sodium
bicarbonate from Bio-Lab Ltd. (Jerusalem, Israel); cyanine7 N-hydroxysuccinimide (Cy7-NHS) ester from Lumiprobe Corporation
(Florida, USA); Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (PBS),
Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), fetal bovine
serum (FBS), glutamine, and penicillin/streptomycin from Biological
Industries (Beit Haemek, Israel); human osteosarcoma cell line Saos-2
and human colon carcinoma cell line SW620 from American Type Culture
Collection (Manassas, VA); and Matrigel from Sigma (Germany). DDW was purified
by passing deionized DDW through an Elgastat Spectrum reverse osmosis
system (ELGA Ltd., High Wycombe, UK). Coral scaffold was received
as a gift from Boneus Ltd. (Haifa, Israel).
8
Synthesis of Fluorescent Dye Precursors
9
Chitosan-PEG Conjugate Synthesis
10
Leachate characterization and analysis
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Leachate was prepared using DEP (>98%), phthalic acid (>98%), phthalic anhydride (>99%), 4-hydroxy phthalic acid (>98%) (Sigma Aldrich, USA), potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP), glucose (C6H12O6), ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4), ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), copper sulfate (CuSO4), lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2), nickel sulfate (NiSO4), potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), manganese sulfate (MnSO4), zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), propionic acid (C3H6O2), pentanoic acid (C5H10O2), and hexanoic acid (C6H12O2) (Holland Moran, Israel). Analytical grade H2O2 (30% w/w) was obtained from Merck Chemicals (USA). Stock solutions were prepared by dissolving each compound in deionized water (Direct-Q3 UV System, Millipore, France). COD test kits with a measuring range of 0 to 15,000 mg/L O2 were purchased from Lavibond (England), and were based on the dichromate method and determination in a Hach spectrophotometer. The UV absorbance coefficients of the samples with different H2O2 concentrations were measured using a UV-visible spectrophotometer (Varian, Cary 100BIO, Australia). Spectra were collected in quartz cuvettes using a wavelength range of 200–800 nm.
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