Commercial grade of PLA 4060D, supplied by NatureWorks LLC, with a density of 1.24 g cm−3, Mw of 120 000 g mol−1, and 18 mol% of d -lactide content was used as the matrix. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) with the trade name Ecoflex type F Blend C1200 was chosen along with PBASGT, an aliphatic-butylene terephthalate copolyester synthesized and described by us earlier,17 (link) in order to reinforce the PLA.
Pla 4060d
Manufactured by NatureWorks
Sourced in United States
PLA 4060D is a polylactic acid (PLA) resin produced by NatureWorks. It is designed for use in various laboratory equipment applications. The product provides a set of physical and chemical properties that make it suitable for these purposes. No further details on its intended use are provided.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
M pvoh, by NatureWorks (2 mentions)
Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Penicillin streptomycin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Pla 4032d, by NatureWorks (1 mentions)
Joncryl adr 4368c, by BASF (1 mentions)
Pla 3100hp, by NatureWorks (1 mentions)
Dmem medium, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Anisole, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Phenylacetic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Cyclohexane, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Avicel ph 101, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
8 protocols using pla 4060d
1
PLA Composite Reinforcement with PBAT and PBASGT
2
Biodegradable Film Substrate Development
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A blown web layer made of a commercial PBAT/PLA blend (Biofilm) with the trade name BioterTM (Euromaster S.p.a., Pistoia, Italy) was chosen as the substrate.
Exceval AQ-4104 is a polyvinyl alcohol modified with ethylenic insertions that exhibits a low gas barrier from dry conditions to approximately 55% relative humidity (RH%), according to the technical data provided by the manufacturer. It is totally hydrolyzed (98.0–99.0 mol%), chlorine-free, and water-soluble, and it has received FDA approval for food-contact use. The polymer will be hereafter named m-PVOH.
PLA4060D (amorphous, D-isomer concentration = 12 wt%, Mw 190,000 g/mol, specific gravity = 1.24 g/cm3) was provided by Natureworks (Minnetonka, MN, USA).
Deurex (Elsterau, Germany) supplied the Ethylene-bis-Stearamide (EBS) wax X2010M (CAS 110–30-5), produced by revaluing sugar cane residues. The wax is approved for the production of commodities intended to come into contact with food, according to the EU Regulation 10/2011 and the FDA 21 CFR [37 ], and is classified as a no-hazard substance by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) [38 ]. Analytical-grade solvents were utilized throughout.
Exceval AQ-4104 is a polyvinyl alcohol modified with ethylenic insertions that exhibits a low gas barrier from dry conditions to approximately 55% relative humidity (RH%), according to the technical data provided by the manufacturer. It is totally hydrolyzed (98.0–99.0 mol%), chlorine-free, and water-soluble, and it has received FDA approval for food-contact use. The polymer will be hereafter named m-PVOH.
PLA4060D (amorphous, D-isomer concentration = 12 wt%, Mw 190,000 g/mol, specific gravity = 1.24 g/cm3) was provided by Natureworks (Minnetonka, MN, USA).
Deurex (Elsterau, Germany) supplied the Ethylene-bis-Stearamide (EBS) wax X2010M (CAS 110–30-5), produced by revaluing sugar cane residues. The wax is approved for the production of commodities intended to come into contact with food, according to the EU Regulation 10/2011 and the FDA 21 CFR [37 ], and is classified as a no-hazard substance by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) [38 ]. Analytical-grade solvents were utilized throughout.
3
Biobased Polymer Blends Characterization
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PLA 4032D (semicrystalline, D-isomer content = 1.5 wt %, Mw ~241,700 g/mol, specific gravity = 1.24 g/cm3, Tm = 155–170 °C), named as PLA1, and PLA 4060D (amorphous, D-isomer content = 12 wt %, Mw ~190,000 g/mol, specific gravity = 1.24 g/cm3), named as PLA2, were supplied by NatureWorks LLC (Minnetonka, MN USA). Ecoworld PBAT 009 (density = 1.26 g/cm3, Tm = 110–120 °C), composed of 29 wt % of adipic acid, 26 wt % of terephthalic acid, and 45 wt % of 1,4-butanediol, was manufactured by Jin Hui Zhaolong (Lüliang, China). A multifunctional epoxy chain extender named as Joncryl ADR-4368C (referred to as Joncryl in the following), with Mw = 6800 g/mol, epoxy equivalent weight = 285 g/mol, and functionality >4, was supplied by BASF (Ludwigshafen, Germany). All the materials comply with USA FDA and EU regulations for food contact.
4
Compression Molding of Amorphous PLA
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Polylactic acid (PLA) in the form of an amorphous compound was purchased from Nature Works, Nebraska, USA (PLA 4060D). Compression molding was used for the PLA samples preparation—the thermos compression of the PLA pellets was performed by Carver 4122 12-12H Manual Heated Press (Carver Inc., Wabash, IN, USA). First, the pellets were vacuum dried overnight at 60 °C (Tg PLA = 60 °C), then inserted in the mold (square of 0.5 mm thick). The procedure used for the compression consists of the following steps: 3 min of contact at 180 °C, several cycles of degassing, and 2 min at 12 bars. The as prepared PLA was cut into squares of 2 × 2 cm.
5
Biodegradable Film Substrate Development
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A blown web layer made of a commercial PBAT/PLA blend (Biofilm) with the trade name BioterTM (Euromaster S.p.a., Pistoia, Italy) was chosen as the substrate.
Exceval AQ-4104 is a polyvinyl alcohol modified with ethylenic insertions that exhibits a low gas barrier from dry conditions to approximately 55% relative humidity (RH%), according to the technical data provided by the manufacturer. It is totally hydrolyzed (98.0–99.0 mol%), chlorine-free, and water-soluble, and it has received FDA approval for food-contact use. The polymer will be hereafter named m-PVOH.
PLA4060D (amorphous, D-isomer concentration = 12 wt%, Mw 190,000 g/mol, specific gravity = 1.24 g/cm3) was provided by Natureworks (Minnetonka, MN, USA).
Deurex (Elsterau, Germany) supplied the Ethylene-bis-Stearamide (EBS) wax X2010M (CAS 110–30-5), produced by revaluing sugar cane residues. The wax is approved for the production of commodities intended to come into contact with food, according to the EU Regulation 10/2011 and the FDA 21 CFR [37 ], and is classified as a no-hazard substance by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) [38 ]. Analytical-grade solvents were utilized throughout.
Exceval AQ-4104 is a polyvinyl alcohol modified with ethylenic insertions that exhibits a low gas barrier from dry conditions to approximately 55% relative humidity (RH%), according to the technical data provided by the manufacturer. It is totally hydrolyzed (98.0–99.0 mol%), chlorine-free, and water-soluble, and it has received FDA approval for food-contact use. The polymer will be hereafter named m-PVOH.
PLA4060D (amorphous, D-isomer concentration = 12 wt%, Mw 190,000 g/mol, specific gravity = 1.24 g/cm3) was provided by Natureworks (Minnetonka, MN, USA).
Deurex (Elsterau, Germany) supplied the Ethylene-bis-Stearamide (EBS) wax X2010M (CAS 110–30-5), produced by revaluing sugar cane residues. The wax is approved for the production of commodities intended to come into contact with food, according to the EU Regulation 10/2011 and the FDA 21 CFR [37 ], and is classified as a no-hazard substance by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) [38 ]. Analytical-grade solvents were utilized throughout.
6
Extraction and Characterization of PLA
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Highly crystalline PLA 3100HP and amorphous PLA 4060D (both from NatureWorks LLC) were used after their physicochemical and thermal properties were authenticated (Table S1 , Supporting Information). PLA was sterilized by exposure to UV radiation for 30 min.[24 ] Afterward, breakdown products (extracts)[20 ] of PLA were obtained by suspending 4 g of PLA pellets in 25 mL of complete medium. Complete medium comprised of DMEM medium, 10% heat‐inactivated Fetal Bovine Serum, and 100 U mL−1 penicillin–streptomycin (all from ThermoFisher Scientific). PLA was extracted for 12 days in an orbital shaker at 250 rpm and 37 °C, after which extracts were decanted and the extract's pH measured. Either 100 or 150 µL of extract (specified in each figure legend) was used per well of a flat‐bottom 96‐well plate; each volume was made up to 200 µL, as the final volume, using a freshly made complete medium.
7
PLA-PEG Composite Preparation
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PLA (4060D) with a glass transition temperature of 55–60 °C was provided by NatureWorks LLC. The used PLA had a density of 1.24 g cm−3 and a melt flow index of around 16 g/10 min (210 °C, 2.16 kg). PEG with a weight average molecular weight of 1000–10 000 g mol−1 was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd (China).
8
Production of Cellulose Nanocrystals from MCC
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Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) AVICEL ® PH-101 was acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (France) and was used as the raw reference material for the production of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). Phenylacetic acid (PhAA) and hydrocinnamic acid (BzAA) were obtained from Aldrich (France). Anisole and cyclohexane were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (France). Sulphuric acid (> 95 wt%), chloroform, acetone, and ethanol were purchased from Chimie-Plus. PLA 4060D was purchased from Natureworks. The latter contains 12 mol% of D-lactic acid, which prevents crystallisation during film processing. All of the PLA samples were therefore amorphous.
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