Prior to all experimentation, starter cultures for each Mtb strain were prepared by recovering a 20 μl aliquot from frozen stocks into a 10 ml volume of Middlebrook 7H9 broth (BD), supplemented with an albumin (Fraction V, Roche), dextrose (Sigma–Aldrich), catalase (Sigma–Aldrich), and 0.05% Tween 80 (AppliChem) (hereafter designated as 7H9 ADC). These starter cultures were incubated until their optical density at wavelength of 600 nm (OD600) was ∼0.50, and were then used for in vitro assays.
Tween 80
Tween 80 is a non-ionic surfactant commonly used in laboratory settings. It is a polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate compound with the chemical formula C64H124O26. Tween 80 is a clear, slightly viscous liquid with a mild odor. It is soluble in water and various organic solvents.
Lab products found in correlation
7 protocols using tween 80
Characterization of Genetically Diverse Mtb Strains
Prior to all experimentation, starter cultures for each Mtb strain were prepared by recovering a 20 μl aliquot from frozen stocks into a 10 ml volume of Middlebrook 7H9 broth (BD), supplemented with an albumin (Fraction V, Roche), dextrose (Sigma–Aldrich), catalase (Sigma–Aldrich), and 0.05% Tween 80 (AppliChem) (hereafter designated as 7H9 ADC). These starter cultures were incubated until their optical density at wavelength of 600 nm (OD600) was ∼0.50, and were then used for in vitro assays.
Emulsification Assay of Biosurfactants
Soil Microbiome Analysis: Comprehensive Protocol
Surfactants: SDS 98% (Sigma), Tween 80 (AppliChem), and Span 80 (Sigma‐Aldrich).
Solvents: Isooctane (2,2,4‐trimethylpentane) and n‐hexane.
Commercial kits for DNA extraction: PowerSoil Pro Kit (Qiagen), PowerMax Soil Kit (Qiagen), and Olive Oil Kit (Norgen).
Reagents for phenol–chloroform extraction: cetrimonium bromide (CTAB); phenol–chloroform–isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1); guanidine hydrochloride (GuaHCl) solution (6 M of GuaHCl 1× TE buffer [pH 6.7], 10 mM of Tris–HCl, and 1 mM of EDTA and sterile filtered); and washing buffer composed of 50% EtOH, 125 mM of NaCl, 10 mM of Tris, and 1 mM of EDTA.
Qubit 2.0 fluorimeter with double‐strain high‐sensitivity (dsDNA HS) assay kit containing buffer and fluorescent dye (Invitrogen).
Reagents for PCR: OptiTaq DNA polymerase (EurX), bovine serum albumin (BSA), 10× Pol buffer (EurX), dNTP (EurX), MgCl2 (EurX), PCR‐grade water (EurX), and barcoded 515F 806R primers.
Reagents for post‐PCR cleanup: AMpure beads, ethanol 70%, and elution buffer.
Centrifuges: Sigma 6‐16KS and Thermo Scientific Fresco 17.
Bead beating: Vortex Genie 2 with horizontal adapter and FastPrep (MPI).
15‐ml Falcon tubes (VWR)
Spatulas and spoons
Preparation and Characterization of BoNT-A Solution
All experiments were performed in ultrapure water prepared with Milli-Q equipment (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). PBS was prepared from tablets from EcoService (Saint Petersburg, Russia). HEPES buffer, pH 7.5, from AppliChem (Darmstadt, Germany), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC-HCl) from Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany), and sodium salt of N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (s-NHS) from Chem-Impex Int’l (Wood Dale, IL, USA) were used.
Xeomin 50 Units per vial (Merz therapeutics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany) contains BoNT serotype A in human serum albumin with sucrose. The powder was dissolved in 125 µL Ringer’s solution (Grotex, Saint Petersburg, Russia) providing a solution with 400 Units/mL BoNT, 8 mg/mL human serum albumin, and 38 mg/mL sucrose. The solution was exploited immediately after the preparation. According to Frevert [21 (link)], 400 Units/mL of Xeomin corresponds to 1.76 ng/mL or 11.7 pM of BoNT serotype A.
Saccharide Formulations for Biomedical Applications
Deletion Mutant Creation in M. smegmatis
M. smegmatis mc2155 [35 (link)] was the parental strain of all the recombinant strains described below. DH5α (supE44 ΔlacU169 [ϕ80ΔlacZM15] hsdR17 recA1) [36 ] was used for all cloning experiments.
The recombinant strain GM1, carrying a msmeg_0412 gene deletion was engineered using the p2NIL/pGOAL19-based flexible cassette method as previously reported [37 (link)].
M. smegmatis mc2155 and derivatives were grown in 7H9 medium (Difco) containing 2 % glycerol and 0.05 % tween 80 (Applichem) or in M9 containing 1 mM Mg2SO4 and 0.2 % glucose. Where indicated, glucose was replaced by 1 % glycerol-tributyrate (tributyrin) or 1 % tween 80.
E. coli strains were grown in LB medium. When required, antibiotics were added to the medium at the following final concentrations: ampicillin 100 μg/ml, hygromycin at 200 μg/ml for E. coli and 50 μg/ml for M. smegmatis mc2155, respectively.
For the antimicrobial susceptibility test, Erythromycin and Rifampicin were added to LB agar medium at the following final concentrations: 13 μg/ml and 10 μg/ml respectively.
For the Microscopy analysis, samples were observed using an Olympus BX51 fluorescence microscope using a FITC filter. The Images were captured using an Olympus DP70 digital camera and processed. Standard acquisition times were 200 ms.
Aspergillus ibericus MUM 03.49 Cultivation
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