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7 protocols using tween 80

1

Characterization of Genetically Diverse Mtb Strains

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We used nine genetically distinct Mtb strains, with three strains from each of the following Mtb lineages: Lineage 1 (L1; also known as the East-Africa and India Lineage), Lineage 2 (L2; the East Asian Lineage), and Lineage 4 (L4; the Euro-American Lineage) (Comas et al. 2010 (link); Gagneux 2018 (link)). All strains were previously isolated from patients, fully drug-susceptible, and previously characterized by Borrell et al. (2019) (link) (supplementary table S1, Supplementary Material online).
Prior to all experimentation, starter cultures for each Mtb strain were prepared by recovering a 20 μl aliquot from frozen stocks into a 10 ml volume of Middlebrook 7H9 broth (BD), supplemented with an albumin (Fraction V, Roche), dextrose (Sigma–Aldrich), catalase (Sigma–Aldrich), and 0.05% Tween 80 (AppliChem) (hereafter designated as 7H9 ADC). These starter cultures were incubated until their optical density at wavelength of 600 nm (OD600) was ∼0.50, and were then used for in vitro assays.
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2

Emulsification Assay of Biosurfactants

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The emulsification index of viscosin, amphisin, massetolide A, and putisolvin, as well as the synthetic surfactant Tween 80 (Applichem), was determined using the assay described by Cooper and Goldenberg (1987 (link)). The surfactants were dissolved in Milli-Q water (pH 7.3) at 20 and 90 mg/l. Solutions (5 ml) were aliquoted into disposable pyrex tubes and overlaid with 5 ml n-hexadecane (Sigma-Aldrich) before vortexing at high speed for 2 min. Tubes were left for 24 h at room temperature before measuring the height of the emulsified layer and the total height of the sample. The emulsification index (E24) was estimated as height of the emulsified layer / total height of sample × 100 %.
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3

Soil Microbiome Analysis: Comprehensive Protocol

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Surfactants: SDS 98% (Sigma), Tween 80 (AppliChem), and Span 80 (Sigma‐Aldrich).

Solvents: Isooctane (2,2,4‐trimethylpentane) and n‐hexane.

Commercial kits for DNA extraction: PowerSoil Pro Kit (Qiagen), PowerMax Soil Kit (Qiagen), and Olive Oil Kit (Norgen).

Reagents for phenol–chloroform extraction: cetrimonium bromide (CTAB); phenol–chloroform–isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1); guanidine hydrochloride (GuaHCl) solution (6 M of GuaHCl 1× TE buffer [pH 6.7], 10 mM of Tris–HCl, and 1 mM of EDTA and sterile filtered); and washing buffer composed of 50% EtOH, 125 mM of NaCl, 10 mM of Tris, and 1 mM of EDTA.

Qubit 2.0 fluorimeter with double‐strain high‐sensitivity (dsDNA HS) assay kit containing buffer and fluorescent dye (Invitrogen).

Reagents for PCR: OptiTaq DNA polymerase (EurX), bovine serum albumin (BSA), 10× Pol buffer (EurX), dNTP (EurX), MgCl2 (EurX), PCR‐grade water (EurX), and barcoded 515F 806R primers.

Reagents for post‐PCR cleanup: AMpure beads, ethanol 70%, and elution buffer.

Centrifuges: Sigma 6‐16KS and Thermo Scientific Fresco 17.

Bead beating: Vortex Genie 2 with horizontal adapter and FastPrep (MPI).

15‐ml Falcon tubes (VWR)

Spatulas and spoons

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4

Preparation and Characterization of BoNT-A Solution

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Inorganic salts, sucrose, Tween 80, human serum albumin, and gamma globulin (IgGHum) (AppliChem GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany and Sigma–Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) were used in this work. A commercial set of bovine blood serum samples was used (Biolot, Saint Petersburg, Russia).
All experiments were performed in ultrapure water prepared with Milli-Q equipment (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). PBS was prepared from tablets from EcoService (Saint Petersburg, Russia). HEPES buffer, pH 7.5, from AppliChem (Darmstadt, Germany), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC-HCl) from Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany), and sodium salt of N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (s-NHS) from Chem-Impex Int’l (Wood Dale, IL, USA) were used.
Xeomin 50 Units per vial (Merz therapeutics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany) contains BoNT serotype A in human serum albumin with sucrose. The powder was dissolved in 125 µL Ringer’s solution (Grotex, Saint Petersburg, Russia) providing a solution with 400 Units/mL BoNT, 8 mg/mL human serum albumin, and 38 mg/mL sucrose. The solution was exploited immediately after the preparation. According to Frevert [21 (link)], 400 Units/mL of Xeomin corresponds to 1.76 ng/mL or 11.7 pM of BoNT serotype A.
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5

Saccharide Formulations for Biomedical Applications

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Saccharide formulations included the following: CMC sodium salt (medium viscosity, meets United States Pharmacopeial Convention (USP) testing specification), d‐[+]‐Trehalose dihydrate (from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 99%), Lutrol F68 (Kolliphor P 188), d‐(+)‐Xylose (BioUltra, 99%, sum of enantiomers, by high‐performance liquid chromatography), d‐(+)‐Mannose (BioUltra, 99.5%, sum of enantiomers, by high‐performance liquid chromatography), polyethylene glycol (Mn = 3,350 Da), PVA (Mw = 89–98 kDa, 99% hydrolyzed), PVPON (average Mw = 40 kDa), maltodexrin, all sourced from Sigma‐Aldrich (St Louis, MO, United States); Sucrose (d‐(+)‐Saccharose, AR grade) (Fisher Chemical, United Kingdom); and Tween 80 (AppliChem GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany).
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6

Deletion Mutant Creation in M. smegmatis

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M. smegmatis mc2155 [35 (link)] was the parental strain of all the recombinant strains described below. DH5α (supE44 ΔlacU169 [ϕ80ΔlacZM15] hsdR17 recA1) [36 ] was used for all cloning experiments.
The recombinant strain GM1, carrying a msmeg_0412 gene deletion was engineered using the p2NIL/pGOAL19-based flexible cassette method as previously reported [37 (link)].
M. smegmatis mc2155 and derivatives were grown in 7H9 medium (Difco) containing 2 % glycerol and 0.05 % tween 80 (Applichem) or in M9 containing 1 mM Mg2SO4 and 0.2 % glucose. Where indicated, glucose was replaced by 1 % glycerol-tributyrate (tributyrin) or 1 % tween 80.
E. coli strains were grown in LB medium. When required, antibiotics were added to the medium at the following final concentrations: ampicillin 100 μg/ml, hygromycin at 200 μg/ml for E. coli and 50 μg/ml for M. smegmatis mc2155, respectively.
For the antimicrobial susceptibility test, Erythromycin and Rifampicin were added to LB agar medium at the following final concentrations: 13 μg/ml and 10 μg/ml respectively.
For the Microscopy analysis, samples were observed using an Olympus BX51 fluorescence microscope using a FITC filter. The Images were captured using an Olympus DP70 digital camera and processed. Standard acquisition times were 200 ms.
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7

Aspergillus ibericus MUM 03.49 Cultivation

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The fungus Aspergillus ibericus MUM 03.49 from Micoteca da Universidade do Minho (MUM) culture collection (Braga, Portugal) was used. The strain was revived on Czapeck Dox (Oxoid, UK) at 25 °C from a frozen glycerol stock and maintained on agar Petri plates with the same medium at 4 °C. Every month, the strain was sub-cultured. A concentrated spore suspension was prepared from a 7-day-old culture plate by scrapping the spores with a 0.1% (w/v) solution of Tween 80 (Panreac, AppliChem, Spain). Afterwards, the spore concentration of the suspension was adjusted to 9 × 10 6 spores.mL -1 using an improved Neubauer chamber.
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