Free-living PA was objectively assessed using Actigraph uniaxial accelerometers (either ActiTrainer or GT1M; Actigraph, LLC, Pensacola, FL, USA), containing both identical sensor units. The monitor was set to record PA in a 15-second sampling interval (“epoch”). Accelerometer measurements were included from children who wore the accelerometer for at least three days, with at least 6 hours per day, including one weekend day. Accelerometers were mounted on the right hip of each child secured by an elastic belt. The duration of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was determined according to the cut-offs of Evenson [23 (link)] as described for the IDEFICS cohort in Konstabel et al. [24 (link)].
Actitrainer
Manufactured by ActiGraph
Sourced in United States
The ActiTrainer is a compact, lightweight device designed to measure and record physical activity data. It uses accelerometer technology to capture movement and activity levels. The ActiTrainer is capable of providing objective data on an individual's physical activity patterns.
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Lab products found in correlation
12 protocols using actitrainer
1
Objective Assessment of Free-living Physical Activity
2
Accelerometer-Based Physical Activity Assessment
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Physical activity and sedentary time were assessed via accelerometry (ActiTrainer and ActiGraph wGT3X-BT; ActiGraph, LLC, Pensacola, FL). Participants were instructed to wear an accelerometer on the left hip during waking hours for 7 consecutive days and to remove the accelerometer only before going to bed or for water activities [25 (link)]. A valid day was defined as having ≥480 min (≥8 h) of monitor wear, and the study included the results from participants with at least four valid days [26 (link), 27 (link)]. Accelerometer cut-points for sedentary time were 0–99 cpm, 100–1951 cpm for light physical activity, 1952–5724 cpm for moderate physical activity, and ≥ 5725 cpm for vigorous physical activity based on previously established cut-points [28 (link)]. These cut-off values have been used in previous analyses from the TSHA [5 (link), 15 ]. In addition, moderate physical activity, vigorous physical activity and MVPA time accumulated in bouts of ≥10 min, allowing for a two-minute exception in the intensity threshold, were also derived. The total minutes in each intensity band were averaged over the number of valid days to estimate the mean time spent in each activity band.
3
Objective Assessment of Physical Activity and Sedentary Time
4
Accelerometer-based Sedentary Behavior Assessment
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The short period to measure a large sample of children necessitated the use of all available accelerometer models by ActiGraph (7164, LLC, Fort Walton Beach, Florida, USA) in the research groups; (either GT1M, GT3X or ActiTrainer). All accelerometers were worn on the right hip, secured by an elastic waist belt. Accelerometers were initialized using ActiLife software [32 ], selecting a 15-s epoch measurement interval. Children were instructed to wear the accelerometer for seven consecutive days during all waking hours, but to remove it during bathing and other water activities. Minimal wear time was set at eight h/day (i.e. indicating a valid day), and the minimum number of valid days was four [33 (link)]. Non-wear time was defined as 60 minutes or more of consecutive zero counts/min. Total sedentary time was accumulated time below 100 counts/min across all valid days. Sedentary bouts were defined as a period of at least ten consecutive minutes in which accelerometer output was below 100 counts/min. Within these sedentary bouts, zero counts above 100 counts/min were tolerated. Breaks in sitting time were defined as transition in accelerometer count from 100 counts/min to >100 counts/min in between two sedentary bouts [34 (link)].
5
Accelerometry-based Step Measurement Protocol
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Stepping volume and intensity were measured by accelerometry (ActiTrainer and ActiGraph wGT3X-BT; ActiGraph, Pensacola, FL, USA), as previously described.14 ,15 (link) In brief, all participants were asked to wear the accelerometer on the left hip during waking hours of 1 whole week, with the exception of water activities. Monitors were set to record accelerometer counts in 1-min epochs. Nonwear time was defined as 60 consecutive minutes or longer of 0 intensity counts, with no more than 2 min of counts between 0 and 100.16 The study included data only from participants with at least 4 valid days with 8 or more hours per day of wear time.17 (link),18 (link) Steps were determined using the manufacturer's step algorithm. To calculate step volume, we summed steps across all compliant days and divided this by the number of compliant days to obtain mean steps per day. For step intensity, the total step count was divided by the total valid minutes of accelerometer wear time to obtain steps per minute throughout the measurement period.
6
Physical Activity Levels in ECEC Setting
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The physical activity level of ECEC teachers and toddlers will be determined using 3-day physical activity records. Self-report measures are commonly used to estimate physical activity levels [32 (link)] and are considered to be feasible for the purposes of PS@HW. ECEC teachers will be asked to record activities per 0.5 h on 2 working days and 1 weekend day. Parents will be asked to fill in activities for their toddler per 0.5 h during 2 week days and 1 weekend day. MET-scores will be assigned to each activity in order to calculate physical activity levels. For ECEC teachers, the 2011 Compendium of Physical Activities will be used as a reference for MET-scores [33 (link)]. For toddlers, a Youth Compendium of Physical Activities described by Butte et al. will be used [34 (link)]. In addition, ECEC teachers will be asked to wear an accelerometer (ActiGraph ActiTrainer) for 6 days to obtain objective data on their physical activity level. The data obtained by the ActiTrainers will be processed in the ActiLife Data Analysis Software version 5.10.0. Counts per minute will be assessed and the intensity of physical activity will be evaluated (sedentary to very vigorous).
7
Accelerometer-based Physical Activity Assessment
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PA and SB were measured using ActiTrainer and ActiGraph wGT3X-BT (ActiGraph, LLC, Pensacola, FL, USA) accelerometers. Participants were instructed to wear the accelerometer on the left hip during waking hours for seven consecutive days and remove it during any bathing or swimming activities. The study included only the results from participants with at least four valid days with at least 480 min (8 h) of wear without excessive counts each day (i.e., >20,000 counts), independent of whether it was weekdays or weekends, as in previous studies [24 (link),25 (link)]. Data were extracted using 60 s epochs for the subsequent intensity analyses using ActiLife Pro 6 software. Consecutive strings of zero >60 min were defined as non-wear time and were removed [26 (link)]. Each valid wearing-time minute was classified into one of the classical intensity bands using count-based thresholds: SB (<1.5 METs), light physical activity (LPA) (1.5–2.99 METs) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) (≥3 METs). Elderly-specific cut-off points for vector magnitude counts per minute were used in this analysis [27 (link),28 (link)]. The values were normalized to total wear time and averaged over the number of valid days to derive an estimate of the mean time spent in SB and each physical activity level per day.
8
Accelerometer-Based Physical Activity Assessment
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PA and ST were objectively measured by accelerometry (ActiTrainer and ActiGraph GT3X+; ActiGraph, LLC, Fort Walton Beach, FL, USA). The complete sample was invited to use an accelerometer, wearing it on their left hip during waking hours for 7 consecutive days, with the exception of bathing or swimming activities. Data using 60-s epochs were collected, and periods of at least 60 consecutive minutes of zero counts were established as non-wear time considering a range of two minutes of counts between zero and a hundred [18 ]. Older adult-specific cut-off points for vector magnitude counts per minute were used in this study. ST was defined with less than 200 counts per each minute [19 (link)] and MVPA was defined with 2751 or more counts per each minute [20 (link)]. Time spent in each of these movement behaviors was tallied per day and averaged over all available valid days. With regard to the exclusion criteria, the study excluded the results from participants with less than four valid days. A valid day was defined as at least 480 min (8 h).
9
Assessing Energy Expenditure Methods
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The baseline measurements of the participants’ anthropometric variables included: body height (BH), body mass (BM), body fat mass (%BF), fat-free mass (FFM), and muscle mass (MM). The body composition variables were determined with a body composition analyser BodyComp MF+ made by Akern, Italy. Participants’ body mass was measured using a Tanita TBF-300 digital scale.
The measurements of participants’ daily energy expenditure were made over a period of 7 days under natural conditions. A chronometric-tabular method and a kinematic method were used for this purpose.
Participants were instructed to record all daily activities and their duration on the energy expenditure forms over a seven-day period. Then, using the available energy-cost tables for activities typical of daily living, work and sport, the energy expenditure of each activity was established. The numbers thus obtained were added up to estimate the DEE of individual participants (Celejowa, 2012 ).
The second method involved the use of triaxial accelerometers (ActiTrainer by ActiGraph, USA) that participants wore on the belts in the hip area (as required by the device’s manual) for the seven days of the study. To make sure that readings were reliable, data concerning participants’ sex, age, body height and body mass were entered into the devices before they were used for the first time.
The measurements of participants’ daily energy expenditure were made over a period of 7 days under natural conditions. A chronometric-tabular method and a kinematic method were used for this purpose.
Participants were instructed to record all daily activities and their duration on the energy expenditure forms over a seven-day period. Then, using the available energy-cost tables for activities typical of daily living, work and sport, the energy expenditure of each activity was established. The numbers thus obtained were added up to estimate the DEE of individual participants (Celejowa, 2012 ).
The second method involved the use of triaxial accelerometers (ActiTrainer by ActiGraph, USA) that participants wore on the belts in the hip area (as required by the device’s manual) for the seven days of the study. To make sure that readings were reliable, data concerning participants’ sex, age, body height and body mass were entered into the devices before they were used for the first time.
10
Objective Measurement of Children's PA
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Physical activity was objectively measured using an Actigraph uniaxial accelerometer (ActiTrainer or GT1M; ActiGraph, LLC, Pensacola, FL, USA). Children wore the accelerometer for up to seven consecutive days (29) . The PA levels were defined according to Evenson cut-offs (30) , where we considered moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) minutes per day for the analysis.
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