Mmw chitosan

Medium molecular weight (MMW) chitosan, high molecular weight (HMW) 80/1000 chitosan, and high molecular weight (HMW) 80/3000 chitosan were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Essential oil obtained from Boswellia serrata resin was obtained from “Kvapų namai”, Kaunas, Lithuania. Emulsifiers Tween 20^®, Tween 80^®, Span 20^®, and Span 80^® were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany). Acetic acid (100%) and sodium hydroxide were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany). Purified water for experiments was produced with a Millipore Super Purity Water System (Sigma-Aldrich Corp., St. Louis, MO, USA).

The C. albicans and C. tropicalis strains used in this study included the sequence SC5314 strain MYA3404 [33 (link)] and clinical isolate [68 (link)] obtained from National Taiwan University Hospital. YPD, RPMI 1640 (Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640) and RPMI 1640 supplemented with chitosan were prepared as previously described [69 (link)]. The characteristics of each chitosan used in this study are listed below (Table 6). The ~3 kDa chitosan oligomer (>85% deacetylation; cat: OC28900) was obtained from Carbosynth Ltd., United Kingdom. The ~15 kDa chitosan sample (>85% deacetylation; cat: 21161-50) was purchased from Polysciences, Inc., Warrington, PA, USA. Chitosan (20–30 kDa, >90% deacetylation) was purchased from Shin Era Technology, Taiwan (cat: CHG-87G). Low-molecular-weight (LMW) chitosan (50–190 kDa; deacetylation 75–85%; cat: 448869), medium-molecular-weight (MMW) chitosan (deacetylation 75–85%; cat: 448877), and high-molecular-weight (HMW) chitosan (310–375 kDa; deacetylation >75%; cat: 419419) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO, USA. Chitosan must be dissolved in acetic acid before being added to the medium. The final pH of each chitosan-containing medium was 6.2~6.3. Moreover, HMW chitosan required a higher acetic acid concentration for dissolution owing to its low solubility, and the final pH of the HMW chitosan medium was 4.5.