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9 protocols using urea

1

Nickel-based Electrocatalyst Synthesis

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Sodium molybdate (vi) dihydrate (Na2MoO4·2H2O), nickel(ii) chloride hexahydrate (NiCl2·6H2O), urea, sodium sulfide nonahydrate (Na2S·9H2O) and thiourea (CH4N2S) were obtained from Beijing Chemical Works. A 5 wt% Nafion solution was obtained from Du Pont China Holding Co., Ltd. A nickel foam (NF) having a thickness of 0.5 mm was bought from Changsha Lyrun New Materials Co., Ltd., and it (cut as 1.0 cm × 1.0 cm in size) was washed with hydrochloric acid, ethanol and deionized water. All other chemicals were of analytical grade and were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagents Co. All chemicals were used without further purification.
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2

Preparation of Starch-Cellulose Composites

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Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC, about 25 µm) was provided by Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai) Trading Co., Ltd. (St. Louis, MO, USA). High amylose corn starch (starch, about 12.5 µm) was purchased by Yujing Food Co., Ltd. (Zhengzhou, China) Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and urea were received from Beijing Chemical Works (Beijing, China). Hydrochloric acid (HCl) was supplied by Sinopharm chemical reagent co. Ltd (Shanghai, China).
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3

Betula Mandshurica Bark Extraction and Analysis

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Birch bark (BB), Betula Mandshurica Nakai, obtained from the campus of Jilin Agricultural University (Changchun, China) in 2022, was washed with deionized water, dried at 80 °C for 12 h, and crushed. Urea, NaOH, H2SO4, HCl, and ethanol were purchased from Beijing Chemical Works (Beijing, China) and used without further purification.
Diphenylcarbazide (CAS: 140-22-7), Methyl orange (MO, CAS: 547-58-0), and Potassium dichromate (Cr6+, CAS: 7778-50-9) were supplied by Aladdin Chemical (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) and the structural formulas are shown in Figure S1 (Supplementary Material).
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4

Synthesis of Metal-Modified Carbon Catalysts

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Pyrolytic carbon black (CBp) was provided by Hunan Qiheng Environmental Protection, China. Urea (CO(NH2)2, 71334-76-4, 99%), ethyl alcohol (EtOH, 141-78-6, 95%), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 7647-01-0, 36%), and sulfuric acid (H2SO4, 8014-95-7, 51.9%) were received from Beijing Chemical Factory, China. Ammonium fluoride (NH4F,14972-90-8, 99.5%), iron nitrate nine hydrate (Fe (NO3)3·9H2O), nickel nitrate hexahydrate (Ni (NO3)2·6H2O), and ascorbic acid (C6H8O6, 2252244-20-3, 99.7%) were provided by Xilong Chemical Industry, China. Zinc oxide (ZnO, 1314-13-2, 99%) and sodium hydroxide (KOH, 1310-58-3, 85%) were supplied by Beijing Chemical Factory, China. Carbon paper, foam nickel, and foam nickel molybdenum were provided by Cyber.
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5

Functionalized Membrane for Dye Removal

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Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) ultrafiltration membrane with a molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) of 50,000 Da was supplied by Zhongkeruiyang Membrane Engineering & Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Cobalt (II) nitrate hexahydrate, aluminum nitrate nonahydrate, urea, sodium hydroxide, ethylene glycol (EG), ethanol, acetone, HA, EBT, CR, EB, RhB, MB, and MO were all obtained from Beijing Chemical Factory. The molecular structures and weights of the dyes used in this paper are summarized in Table 1. Carboxyl-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs-COOH) were purchased from Beijing Inno Chem Science & Technology Co., Ltd (Beijing, China). The MWCNTs-COOH had a length of 10–30 μm, an outer diameter of 20–30 nm, and an inner diameter of 5–10 nm. All chemicals were used without further purification.
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6

Fabrication of PCDTBT and CN-PPV Devices

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PCDTBT ((C43H47N3S3)nC12H10, Mw = 20 000–100 000)
and CN-PPV ((C36H46N2O4)n) were both provided by Sigma Chemical
Co., Ltd. Mg(NO3)2·6H2O, Al(NO3)3·9H2O, urea, formamide, and toluene
were all of analytical grade and obtained from Beijing Chemical Factory,
China. SiO2 (300 nm)/Si wafer and silver paste were provided
by J&K Co., Ltd.
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7

Cellulose Acetate Modification Protocol

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Cellulose acetate (Mn = 30000, DS = 2.5) was used after drying in the vacuum oven at 70 °C for 24 h caisothiocyanate (FITC), protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), dibutyltindilaurate (DBTDL), N,N’-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) were purchased from J& K Scientific Ltd. and used as received. N,N’-Dimethylformamide (DMF) was dehydrated by CaH2 and preserved with 3 Å molecular sieve after distillation. Super-dry dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with molecular sieves was purchased from J& K Scientific Ltd. and used as received. Ammonia (NH3, 25% in water), diethylamine (NHEt2), triethylamine (NEt3), and urea were purchased from Beijing Chemical Works and used as received. Aniline, benzylamine, hydrazine (64%), and histamine were purchased from J& K Scientific Ltd. and used as received. Morpholine, pyrrolidine, and putrescine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. and used as received.
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8

Luminescent Gd2O3:Eu3+ Nanophosphors

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Gadolinium
oxide (Gd2O3, 99.9%), europium oxide (Eu2O3, 99.9%), boric
acid (H3BO3, >99.5%), and acetylacetone (C5H8O2, 99%) were bought from Aladdin
Industrial Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Nitric acid (HNO3, 65%), urea ((NH2)2CO, 99%), and ethanol (C2H5OH, 98%) were purchased from Beijing Chemical
Works (Beijing, China), and poly(ethylene glycol)-1000 (PEG, 99%)
was obtained from Bioruler Co. Ltd. All of the materials were used
without further purification, unless otherwise stated. Deionized water,
used for all processes, was prepared by the Hitech laboratory water
purification system DW100 (Shanghai Hitech Instruments Co., Ltd.).
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9

Synthesis of Nanomaterials for Research

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Citric acid (99.5%) and urea (99%) were purchased from Beijing Chemical Works. TiO 2 powder (P25, a mixed phase of 80% anatase and 20% rutile; average size 25 nm) was purchased from Degussa. CdSe/ZnS core/shell QDs were purchased from Ocean Nano Tech LLC. All chemicals were used without further purification. The water used in all experiments was purified using a Millipore system.
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