The number of spots (1681), spot spacing (2.5 mm), and monitor unit (MU)/spot (1 MU) of every mono-energy scanned field were optimized to deliver a uniform dose to 10 cm × 10 cm field. Ionization measurement from 33 mono-energy (70.2–226.2 MeV in 5 MeV increment) scanned field of 10 cm × 10 cm were carried out in water phantom at 2–8 cm depths, using PPC05 parallel plate chamber and Dose-1 electrometer (IBA dosimetry, Germany), following recommendation of RayStation TPS beam physics guide. The absorbed dose to water at the reference depths was calculated following the formalism of International Atomic Energy Agency TRS-398.[13 ]
Dose1 electrometer
Manufactured by IBA Dosimetry
Sourced in Germany
The Dose1 electrometer is a compact and versatile laboratory instrument designed for accurate radiation dose measurement. It functions as a charge integrator, providing precise quantification of ionizing radiation exposure.
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6 protocols using dose1 electrometer
1
Optimizing Mono-Energy Scanned Beam Dosimetry
2
Dosimetric Verification of 3D-CRT, IMRT, and VMAT
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In order to verify that the planned dose associated with the 3D-CRT, IMRT, and VMAT plan is accurately delivered to the cube, ionization chamber measurements were performed using a CC13 ionization chamber (IBA Dosimetry, Schwarzenbruck, Germany) placed at the same position within the 30 × 30 × 30 cm3 RW3 phantom with the tube. Three ion charge measurements were performed for each irradiation technique using the Dose1 electrometer (IBA Dosimetry, Schwarzenbruck, Germany). The mean charge value of each technique was converted to dose to water following the IAEA TRS-398 protocol [24 ] and measurements were compared with corresponding TPS calculations using the XVMC Monte Carlo dose engine with a dose grid resolution of 1 mm and a statistical uncertainty within the CC13 ROI lower than 1%.
3
Proton Depth-Dose Curve Measurement with PPC05 Chamber
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The PPC05 plane‐parallel ionization chamber is read out using a Dose 1 electrometer (both from IBA Dosimetry). It features a 9.9 mm diameter collecting electrode and an air gap of 0.6 mm. It has a 1 mm thick entrance window made of C‐552 plastic corresponding to a WET for proton beams of 1.6 mm. Depth‐dose curves under broad field conditions are acquired in point‐by‐point measurements, where each data point originates from an individual application of the field under investigation. According to our experience, the reproducibility of a dose measurement in a time interval of an hour is typically 0.5%.
For the sake of completeness it should be noted that a variable water column also enables the accurate measurements of integral depth‐dose curves.13 , 14 , 15 It is not tested in the frame of the current study.
For the sake of completeness it should be noted that a variable water column also enables the accurate measurements of integral depth‐dose curves.
4
Dosimetric Assessment of Metal Artifacts
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Treatment plans were created using EclipseTM TPS with a single AP field placed over the center of each insert, including an acrylic insert. Plans were calculated for fixed 50 MU for photon energies 6, 10, 15, 6, and 10 FFF, with field size 5 × 5 cm2, just covering the single insert for that plan. As using multiple beams from different angles can dilute the dosimetric effects, we restricted our study to a single AP field. The CC13 thimble chamber’s active volume of 1.3 cm3 was contoured below the inserts. Dose calculation was done using AAA algorithm. The existing HU to RED CT calibration curve was extended to high-density metals. Mean dose values at the contoured chamber’s active volume were determined for different energies and inserts using MAR-ACT, WOMAR-ACT, MAR-ASGN, and WOMAR-ASGN for all photon energies. The plan setup was reproduced and delivered in Truebeam STx linear accelerator (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto), and the doses were measured using CC13 chamber and Dose1 electrometer (IBA Dosimetry). Percentage variation between the calculated dose and the measured dose under different metals for different energies was also calculated.
5
Ion Recombination Measurements for Radiotherapy
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The standards laboratories provide calibration factors under standard ambient conditions. For the National Physical Laboratory, these are 20 °C, 1013.25 mbar (1013.25 hPa), and 50% humidity. All of the readings reported in this work have been corrected for nonstandard ambient conditions employing IPEM recommendations [15] . IBA CC04 (SN: 108640) ion chamber in combination with Dose1 electrometer (IBA Dosimetry, Nuremberg) have been used to study ion recombination with conventional radiotherapy electron beam and VHEE beams. CC04 is a thimble-type, waterproof ion chamber which exhibits high spatial resolution due to its small volume (0.04 cm 3 ) and is considered to be suitable for small fields measurements in high dose gradients [21] . The measurements with the CC04 chamber are recommended to be carried out at +300 V polarizing voltage. The electrometer was set up in the charge integration mode to determine the accumulated charge over the whole irradiation period. Ion recombination measurements have been carried out for 165 MeV VHEE beams at the SPARC beamline [4] and for 20 MeV electron beam generated by a Varian iX series LINAC.
6
Microcrystalline Diamond Dosimetry
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The microDiamond PTW-60019 is a commercial synthetic single-crystal diamond detector, in Schottky diode configuration operating with zero bias voltage. [15] (link)[16] (link)[17] (link)[18] (link) The microDiamond active volume is composed of a 1 µm thick intrinsic diamond layer, with a 1 mm radius and a total sensitive volume of 0.004 mm 3 . The effective point of measurement is 1 mm from the housing surface. MicroDiamond signal was detected by the DOSE-1 electrometer (IBA Dosimetry). Detector response was measured in nC over a time of 60 s (i.e., around 3.2 Gy). Profiles were acquired with a spacing of 0.5-1.0 mm.
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