Texas red 1 2 dihexadecanoyl sn glycero 3 phosphoethanolamine tr dhpe

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Texas Red 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (TR-DHPE) is a fluorescent lipid probe used in biological research. It consists of a Texas Red fluorophore conjugated to a phosphoethanolamine headgroup and two hexadecanoyl fatty acid chains. TR-DHPE is commonly used to label and visualize cellular membranes and lipid bilayers.

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Lab products found in correlation

1 2 dioleoyl sn glycero 3 phosphocholine, by Avanti Polar Lipids (1 mentions) Nbd pe, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Methanol, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Chloroform, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Oregon green 1 2 dihexadecanoyl sn glycero 3 phosphoethanolamine og dhpe, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) 15n choline chloride, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Chromasolv plus, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Milli q water, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Glucose oxidase, by Serva Electrophoresis (1 mentions) Nicl2, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Tris 2 carboxyethyl phosphine tcep, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Tris buffered saline (tbs), by Corning (1 mentions) Glucose and h2o2, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) H2so4, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Dioleoylphosphatidylcholine dopc, by Avanti Polar Lipids (1 mentions) Adenosine triphosphate (atp), by Merck Group (1 mentions) 2 mercaptoethanol, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Dogs nta ni2, by Avanti Polar Lipids (1 mentions) Streptavidin conjugated microspheres, by Polysciences (1 mentions) Bovine serum albumin (bsa), by Merck Group (1 mentions)

8 protocols using texas red 1 2 dihexadecanoyl sn glycero 3 phosphoethanolamine tr dhpe

Supported Lipid Bilayer Formation

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The 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC: base lipid of the SLB, molecular weight (MW)= 786.1 g mol⁻¹) and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(cap biotinyl) (B-PE, MW= 1105.5 g mol⁻¹) were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids Inc. Texas Red 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (TR-DHPE, MW = 1381.85 g mol⁻¹) was purchased from Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA. Avidin variants (avidin, streptavidin, and neutrAvidin, MW= 68, 53, and 60 kDa each.) and various concentrations of PBS solutions were purchased from ThermoFisher Scientific. The SLB membrane consists of 95 mol% DOPC and 5% B-PE (receptor of avidin variants). For vesicle preparation, we used the rapid solvent exchange method to evaporate chloroform and hydrate with buffer solution (DIW or 1× PBS) simultaneously^{20 (link)}. After that, the prepared vesicle solutions were extruded 20 times through 50-nm-diameter pores (PC membrane, Avanti Polar Lipids Inc., USA) to prepare uniformly sized, small unilamellar vesicles (SUV; 0.1 mg mL⁻¹). The 50-nm-diameter SUVs spontaneously rupture on a hydrophilic SiO₂ surface and form a uniform and defect-free SLB patch on the SiO₂ surface of the EG^{33 (link),34 (link)}. For negative controls for biotin–avidin binding, Cholera toxin subunit B proteins (CTxB, Invitrogen, USA, MW= 12 kDa) specifically bound to ganglioside GM1 lipids were used.

Lee D., Jung W.H., Lee S., Yu E.S., Lee T., Kim J.H., Song H.S., Lee K.H., Lee S., Han S.K., Choi M.C., Ahn D.J., Ryu Y.S, & Kim C. (2021). Ionic contrast across a lipid membrane for Debye length extension: towards an ultimate bioelectronic transducer. Nature Communications, 12, 3741.

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Fluorescent Lipid Membrane Probes

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1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phophocholine (DOPC) was used in all membranes. Raft-forming mixtures included the sphingomyelin (SPM; brain, porcine) and the cholesterol (CHOL). For fluorescence microscopy, a variety of fluorescent lipid conjugates at trace concentrations (1–3 mol %) were mixed with the primary lipids. The probes used include: (i) Texas red 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (TR-DHPE, Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA), (ii) two types of the NBD-labelled cholesterol, 5-cholesten-3ß-ol 6-[(7-nitro-2-1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino] caproate (head-labelled NBD-CHOL) and 25-[N-[(7-nitro-2-1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)methyl]amino]-27-norcholesterol (tail-labelled NBD-CHOL), (iii) N-[12-[(7-nitro-2-1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino]dodecanoyl]-sphingosine-1-phosphocholine (NBD-SPM; tail-labelled NBD-SPM), and (iv) 1-palmitoyl-2-{12-[(7-nitro-2-1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino]dodecanoyl}-sn-glycero-3phosphoethano lamine (tail-labeled NBD-PE). All lipids were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (Birmingham, Alabama). For protein binding assays, we used monosialoganglioside (GM1; brain, ovine-ammonium salt) and Alexa Fluor 488-labelled cholera toxin B subunit (CTxB-488, Life Technologies, Carlsbad, California).

Ryu Y.S., Wittenberg N.J., Suh J.H., Lee S.W., Sohn Y., Oh S.H., Parikh A.N, & Lee S.D. (2016). Continuity of Monolayer-Bilayer Junctions for Localization of Lipid Raft Microdomains in Model Membranes. Scientific Reports, 6, 26823.

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Sendai Virus Lipid Membrane Interaction

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Dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine
(DOPE), palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC), and cholesterol
(Chol), as well as ganglioside GD1a (from porcine brain), were purchased
from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL). Oregon Green-1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (OG-DHPE) and Texas Red-1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (TR-DHPE) were obtained
from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, U.S.A.). Polydimethylsiloxane
(PDMS) Sylgard 184 elastomer base and curing agent were purchased
from Ellsworth Adhesives (Germantown, WI, U.S.A.). Sendai virus (purified
Sendai Cantell Strain, egg-grown, batch 960216) was obtained from
Charles River Laboratories (Wilmington, MA, U.S.A.) and handled according
to a BSL-2 protocol at Williams College. Chloroform, methanol, and
buffer salts were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA)
and Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.). Formvar/carbon-coated square
mesh grids (Cu, 200 Mesh, SB) were purchased from Electron Microscopy
Sciences (Hatfield, PA, U.S.A.). Mouse anti-HN (1A6) IgG2a antibody
was purchased from Kerafast Inc. (Boston, MA) and produced in the
laboratory of Prof. Benhur Lee (Mt. Sinai). Characterization of the
1A6 antibody has been reported previously.^{10 (link),22 (link)}

Lam A., Yuan D.S., Ahmed S.H, & Rawle R.J. (2022). Viral Size Modulates Sendai Virus Binding to Cholesterol-Stabilized Receptor Nanoclusters. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B, 126(36), 6802-6810.

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Cholesterol and Phospholipid Synthesis

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Phospholipids and unlabeled cholesterol were from Avanti Polar Lipids. ¹³C-Methyl iodide, ¹⁵N-choline chloride, 2,3,4-¹³C₃-cholesterol, and 25,26,27-¹³C₃-cholesterol were from Sigma. Texas Red 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (TR-DHPE) was from Thermo Fisher Scientific. Four inch 〈100〉 p-type silicon wafers were from Silicon Quest International. Solvents and other chemicals were from Fisher and used as supplied.

Moss FR I.I.I, & Boxer S.G. (2016). Atomic Recombination in Dynamic Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Probes Distance in Lipid Assemblies: A Nanometer Chemical Ruler. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 138(51), 16737-16744.

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Lipid Bilayer Substrate Preparation

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Unlabeled phospholipids, cholesterol (CHOL), ²H₃₁–POPC (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine), and ²H₇₀–DSPC (1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids. Unlabeled GM₁ was purchased from Biosynth-Carbosynth. Texas Red 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (TR-DHPE) was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific. All solvents were purchased from Fisher. Four-inch <100> p-type silicon wafers with a 9.5 nm SiO₂ layer were purchased from Silicon Quest International, and were diced to 5 × 5 mm to fit in the NanoSIMS sample holder. This thickness of SiO₂ has previously been found to provide a compromise between charge dissipation during the NanoSIMS measurements and bilayer stability.^{43 (link),48 (link)} A grid (25, 50 or 100 μm²) patterned with chrome (5 nm height and 5 μm width) was imprinted on the substrates via photolithography to facilitate correlative imaging.

Grusky D.S., Moss FR I.I.I, & Boxer S.G. (2022). Recombination between 13C and 2H to Form Acetylide (13C22H−) Probes Nanoscale Interactions in Lipid Bilayers via Dynamic Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry: Cholesterol and GM1 Clustering. Analytical chemistry, 94(27), 9750-9757.

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Lipid Preparation for Fluorescence Imaging

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Lipids used in this study that were purchased from Avanti Polar lipids (Alabaster, AL) were as follows: DPPE (16:0, Powder), DOPC (18:1, Chloroform), BSM (predominant 18:0, Porcine, Chloroform) and CHOL (ovine wool, ≥98%). For the fluorescence imaging, Texas Red 1,2-Dihexadecanoyl-sn-Glycero-3-Phosphoethanolamine, TR-DHPE was purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA). DPPE was dissolved in a solvent, which is a 3:1 (vol/vol) mixture of chloroform (Sigma-Aldrich, CHROMASOLV Plus for HPLC, purity ≥99.9%) and methanol (Sigma-Aldrich, CHROMASOLV Plus for HPLC, purity ≥99.9%) at a final concentration of 1 mg ml⁻¹. DOPC, BSM and CHOL were mixed in a 1:1:1 (mol/mol) solution at a final concentration of 1 mg ml⁻¹ in chloroform. A trace amount (1 wt%) of TR-DHPE was added to the mixture for imaging purposes. All lipids were stored in a deep freezer (−50 °C) until use. Buffer salts were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO), mixed and dissolved in Milli-Q water (Millipore, Billerica, MA) at final concentrations of 100 mM Sodium nitrate (ReagentPlus, purity ≥99.0%), 10 mM Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (ACS reagent, purity ≥99.8%) and 2 mM Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate (purity ≥99.0%) at a pH of 7.5.

Lee D.W., Kristiansen K., Donaldson, Jr. S.H., Cadirov N., Banquy X, & Israelachvili J.N. (2015). Real-time intermembrane force measurements and imaging of lipid domain morphology during hemifusion. Nature Communications, 6, 7238.

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Single-Molecule Lipid Membrane Imaging

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Dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) and DOGS-NTA(Ni²⁺) were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids. Texas Red 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (TR-DHPE) was purchased from Invitrogen. Alexa Fluor 555 maleimide dye and Alexa Fluor 488 maleimide dye were purchased from Life Technologies. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), (±)-6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), catalase, 2-mercaptoethanol, NiCl₂, H₂SO₄, and ATP were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Glucose oxidase was purchased from Serva. Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) was purchased from Thermo Scientific. Glucose and H₂O₂ were from Fisher Scientific. MgCl₂ was from EMD Chemicals. Tris-buffered saline (TBS) was purchased from Corning.

Sun S., GrandPre T., Limmer D.T, & Groves J.T. (2022). Kinetic frustration by limited bond availability controls the LAT protein condensation phase transition on membranes. Science Advances, 8(44), eabo5295.

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Vesicle Formation for Protein Labeling

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The phospholipids (DOPE, POPG, POPC, biotin-PEs) were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL). Cholesterol, BSA and Streptavidin were from Sigma-Adrich (St. Louis, MO). From Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA), we obtained Texas Red-1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-ethanolamine (TR-DHPE) and amino-reactive AlexaFluor 488. Streptavidin conjugated microspheres with mean diameter of ∼6 µm were purchased from Polysciences, Inc. (Warrington, PA). Diluted lipid stock solutions at 4 mM were prepared with chloroform and stored in glass vials under Teflon seal at −20°C. The lipid mixture used for all vesicles contained 63.6 mol% DOPE, 13.6 mol% POPC, 13.6 mol% cholesterol and 9.1 mol% POPG. The proteins used in this study were purified as described previously [18] (link). Atg8 was labeled with Alexa 488 according to the protocol of the manufacturer. Free dye was removed by NAP-10 size exclusion columns and two dilution/concentration cycles with Vivaspin-20 (Sartorius). The functionality of the labeled Atg8 was checked by conjugation to PE and SDS-page [28] (link) and was found to be unaffected by the label.

Knorr R.L., Nakatogawa H., Ohsumi Y., Lipowsky R., Baumgart T, & Dimova R. (2014). Membrane Morphology Is Actively Transformed by Covalent Binding of the Protein Atg8 to PE-Lipids. PLoS ONE, 9(12), e115357.

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