Costunolide

SMD, used for gastrointestinal dysmotility in China (approval number: guo-yao-zhun-zi Z20025044; specification: 10 mL/division), was obtained from Hunan Hansen Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd. (Yi Yang, China). HSA was acquired from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA), standards, including arecaidine, arecoline, norisoboldine, linderane, costunolide, dehydrocostus lactone, synephrine, rutin, limonin, eriocitrin, narirutin, naringin, hesperidin, heohesperidin, poncirin, naringenin, hesperetin, nobiletin, tangeretin, and sorbic acid with a purity of over 98%, were purchased from Yuan-ye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The formic acid, acetonitrile, and methanol used for HPLC analysis were chromatographic grade and purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

XLP was purchased from the Hubei Xianglian Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Z42020398, Hubei, China, the compositions were shown in Table 1). Standard solutions of berberine, jatrorrhizine, costunolide, coptisine, and palmatine were purchased from Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China, cat# B21449, B21451, B20891, B21438, B21433). DSS (36,000–50,000 MW) was purchased from MP Biomedicals (Santa Ana, CA, United States, cat# 160110). 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States, cat#A79809). 3-methyladenine (3-MA) was purchased from Selleck (Huston, TX, United States, cat#S2767).