Functional MRI scans were acquired with a Siemens 3.0 T Trio scanner at the MR Research Center of Southwest University. Stimuli were programmed with E-prime software 2.0 (Psychology Software Tools, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA) and projected onto a translucent screen via a projector. The subjects viewed the stimuli through a mirror attached to the head coil. Head motion was minimized by placing pillows and cushions around the head. Ear plugs were used to reduce noise in the scanner. Functional imaging consisted of an echo planner imaging with gradient echo (EPI GRE) sequence (TR = 2000 ms, TE = 30 ms, flip angle = 90°, FOV = 64 × 64 mm2, 32 interleaved descending slices, voxel size = 3.44 × 3.44 × 3.00 mm2 with 1-mm intra-slice gap). The five initial scans of each session were dummy scans that were used to equilibrate the state of magnetization and were excluded from the analysis. Anatomical reference images, acquired after the functional imaging, consisted of a 3-D GRE T1-weighted sequence (TR = 1900 ms, TE = 2.52 ms, flip angle = 9°, FOV = 256 × 256 mm2, voxel size = 1 × 1 × 1 mm3). Head motion was evaluated on the MRI workstation as soon as the scans ended.
E prime software 2
Manufactured by Psychology Software Tools
Sourced in United States
E-prime software 2.0 is a software package for designing and running computerized experiments. It allows users to create and customize experimental paradigms, collect and analyze data, and manage research projects.
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Lab products found in correlation
5 protocols using e prime software 2
1
FMRI Acquisition and Preprocessing Protocol
2
Computerized Flanker Task for Executive Function
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A computerized assessment of executive function and response inhibition administered using the EPRIME software 2.0 (Psychology Software Tools, Inc.). The Flanker task required participants to indicate the direction, by button press, of a central target arrow flanked by congruent or incongruent arrows. Accuracy and response times were recorded with the differenced in response time between the congruent and incongruent conditions being the summary score (Sanders et al., 2018 (link)). Higher difference scores are considered poorer performance. For this analysis, the log of the ratio of median response times was used.
3
Evaluating Core Executive Functions
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Demographic data were collected from the physical fitness assessment database in school in the current semester.
Core Executive Functions
Three computer-based neuropsychological paradigms (Fish flanker task [52 (link)], N-Back test [53 (link)], and DCCS (Border version) [54 (link)] were applied to evaluate the performance of inhibition control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility, respectively. E-prime software 2.0 (Psychology Software Tools Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, USA) carried out the relevant paradigms test and data collection. All assessments were performed in the quiet computer room. After the intervention activity, all subjects were required to return to the same computer room within 10 min and complete the same cognitive task assessments after a few minutes of rest. The reaction times of correct responses and the accuracy were collected as the evaluation index of core EFs performance.
Core Executive Functions
Three computer-based neuropsychological paradigms (Fish flanker task [52 (link)], N-Back test [53 (link)], and DCCS (Border version) [54 (link)] were applied to evaluate the performance of inhibition control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility, respectively. E-prime software 2.0 (Psychology Software Tools Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, USA) carried out the relevant paradigms test and data collection. All assessments were performed in the quiet computer room. After the intervention activity, all subjects were required to return to the same computer room within 10 min and complete the same cognitive task assessments after a few minutes of rest. The reaction times of correct responses and the accuracy were collected as the evaluation index of core EFs performance.
4
Measuring Working Memory Updating with N-Back Task
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The n-back task is usually used to investigate the updating of the working memory [37 (link)]. In this task [15 (link)], participants must decide as accurately and quickly as possible whether each letter matches the one presented in the n-trials before in the sequence (n є {1,2,3}). Each participant performed three conditions of the n-back task (1, 2, 3-back) and a control task (0-back), in which they had to decide whether the presented letter was an “X”. Each condition contained 42 stimuli with 14 targets and 28 non-targets and lasted for 150 s. In each condition, the stimuli presentation was controlled by E-Prime® software 2.0 (Psychology Software Tools, Sharpsburg, PA, USA), which recorded the response times (RT) and response accuracy. Before the appearance of each stimulus, a black cross appeared on the screen for 500 ms. Then, the stimulus was displayed, and the participants had 3000 ms to respond. The participants responded by pressing one of two keys (yes/no) of the Serial Response BoxTM (Psychology Software Tools, Sharpsburg, PA, USA) with their right or left index fingers. We calculated an accuracy score (score A’) using the following formula: 0.5 + ((hit rate − false alarm rate) × (1 + hit rate − false alarm rate))/(4 × hit rate × (1-false alarm rate)) [38 (link)]. The higher the A’ score, the better the cognitive performance.
5
Cognitive and Gait Assessments with Motion Capture
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A projector (Panasonic BX30, Panasonic Inc., Osaka, Japan) and a screen placed directly in front of the participants were used to perform cognitive tasks. Response buttons were held in both the left and right hands, and the E-prime software 2.0 (Psychology Software Tools, Inc, Sharpsburg, PA, United States) was used to record RT and correct rate (CR). Gait tests were performed on a motorized treadmill with a large pressure sensor embedded at the speed of 1.33 m/s (ZebrisFDM-T, Zebris Medical GmbH, Isny, Germany), which allowed for online detection of gait characteristics (e.g., gait cycle, gait speed, step length, step speed, step width, step time) (Figure 1 ). Eight high resolution IR cameras (Vicon, Inc., Oxford, United Kingdom) at a sampling rate of 100 HZ and a Vicon lower body plug-in gait marker set was used to capture kinematic data on the sagittal plane (Davis et al., 1991 (link)).
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