Sodium tauroursodeoxycholate

The ER stress activators thapsigargin (TG) and tunicamycin (TM) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA and Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd., respectively. The ER stress inhibitors 4-phenylbutyric acid (PBA) and sodium tauroursodeoxycholate (TUDCA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA. TM, TG, PBA and TUDCA were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; Leagene). Anti-glucose-regulated protein 78 kDa (GRP78; ab12223), anti-activating transcription factor (ATF)6 (ab11909), anti-phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (p-IRE1α; ab48187), anti-E-Cadherin (ab40772), anti-fibronectin (ab2413) and anti-α-SMA (ab32575) primary antibodies were purchased from Abcam. Horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-p-eIF2α (119A11), horse anti-mouse and horse anti-rabbit secondary antibodies, Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated goat anti-rabbit and Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated goat anti-mouse secondary antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. Anti-ATF4 primary antibody (sc-390063) was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. Primary antibodies against vimentin (10366-1-AP), β-actin (66009-1-Ig) and Neural cadherin (N-cadherin; 22018-1-AP) were purchased from ProteinTech Group, Inc.

Cholic acid (CA), glycoCholic acid (GCA) hydrate, tauroCholic acid sodium salt hydrate, chenodeoxyCholic acid (CDCA), sodium glycochenodeoxycholate (GCDCA), sodium taurochenodeoxycholate, deoxyCholic acid (DCA), glycodeoxyCholic acid monohydrate, sodium taurodeoxycholate hydrate, ursodeoxyCholic acid, lithoCholic acid, sodium taurolithocholate, sodium tauroursodeoxycholate, and all‐trans retinoic acid (atRA), were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). D5‐atRA was purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals (Toronto, Ontario). The α‐muriCholic acid salt, tauro‐α‐muriCholic acid, β‐muriCholic acid, tauro‐β‐muriCholic acid, ω‐muriCholic acid, taurohyodeoxyCholic acid, hyoCholic acid, glycohyoCholic acid, taurohyoCholic acid, glycoursodeoxyCholic acid, glycolithoCholic acid, hyodeoxyCholic acid, muroCholic acid, taurodehydroCholic acid sodium salt, glycodehydroCholic acid, deoxyCholic acid‐2,2,4,4‐D4 (DCA‐D4), lithoCholic acid‐2,2,4,4‐D4 (LCA‐D4), glycochenodeoxyxholic acid‐2,2,4,4‐D4 (GCDCA‐D4), Cholic acid‐2,2,4,4‐D4 (CA‐D4), and glycoCholic acid‐2,2,4,4‐D4 (GCA‐D4) were purchased from Steraloiods (Newport, RI).