Syringaldazine

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Switzerland

Syringaldazine is a chemical compound used as a reagent in analytical chemistry. It is commonly used in the detection and quantification of the enzyme peroxidase, which is involved in various biological processes. Syringaldazine exhibits a color change in the presence of peroxidase, allowing for colorimetric analysis.

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31 protocols using syringaldazine

Laccase Enzyme Activity Optimization

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The effect of pH on the oxidation rates of various substrates was studied by measuring the enzyme activity in Britton & Robinson (B&R) buffers (pH 1.81–6.5). pH-optima for 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS, Sigma, USA), pyrocatechol (Sigma, USA), 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (2,6-DMP, Sigma, USA), gallic acid (Sigma, USA) and syringaldazine (Sigma, USA) were measured using substrate concentrations of 1 mM for ABTS, 2,6-DMP, ferulic acid, sinapic acid and gallic acid, 5 mM for guaiacol, 10 mM for pyrocatechol and 0.042 mM for syringaldazine.
Temperature optima of the laccases were determined by using pyrocatechol as a substrate in 0.1 M Na-acetate buffer, pH 4.5. Enzymatic reaction rate was determined in the range of 25–80 °C using an integrated Peltier element (PerkinElmer, USA).
Thermal stability was measured after previous incubation of the enzyme in a concentration of 0.1 mg·ml^-1 in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer pH 6.5 at 60 and 70 °C, and residual activity was assayed with the pyrocatechol as a substrate.

Glazunova O.A., Shakhova N.V., Psurtseva N.V., Moiseenko K.V., Kleimenov S.Y, & Fedorova T.V. (2018). White-rot basidiomycetes Junghuhnia nitida and Steccherinum bourdotii: Oxidative potential and laccase properties in comparison with Trametes hirsuta and Coriolopsis caperata. PLoS ONE, 13(6), e0197667.

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Linen Fabric Functionalization with Copper

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Raw linen woven fabric (100%, plain weave, mass per unit area 260 g/m², Świat Lnu Sp. z o.o., Kamienna Góra, Poland), sodium silicate (27.18% SiO₂ and 8.5% Na₂O, 1390 g/dm³ in density, silicate modulus—molar ratio SiO₂:Na₂O = 3.3, Vitrosilicon SA, Iłowa, Poland), copper nitrate(V) trihydrate (Cu(NO₃)₂*3H₂O, 99%, Chempur, Piekary Śląskie, Poland), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 98.8%, Chempur, Piekary Śląskie, Poland), sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃, 99.8%, Chempur, Piekary Śląskie, Poland), sodium chloride (NaCl, 99.9%, Chempur, Piekary Śląskie, Poland), dispersing-sequestering agent Lufibrol^® DK (technical, Basf, Ludwigshafen, Germany), sequestering-wetting agent Kieralon CD (technical, Basf, Ludwigshafen, Germany), polyethylene glycol Pluriol^® E 400 (technical, average molar mass 400 g/mol, Basf, Ludwigshafen, Germany), hydroxyethylcellulose Cellosize HEC QP-40 (HEC, technical, with low molar mass, DOW, Midland, MI, USA), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylthiazoline-6-sulfonate) acid (ABTS, C₁₈H₁₈N₄O₆S₄, 98%, Alfa Aesar, Haverhill, MA, USA), syringaldazine (C₁₈H₂₀N₂O₆, 98%, Sigma-Aldrich, Taufkirchen, Germany), acetic acid (C₂H₄O₂, 80%, POCH, Gliwice, Poland). All reagents were used without any further purification.

Olczyk J., Sójka-Ledakowicz J., Walawska A., Antecka A., Siwińska-Ciesielczyk K., Zdarta J, & Jesionowski T. (2020). Antimicrobial Activity and Barrier Properties against UV Radiation of Alkaline and Enzymatically Treated Linen Woven Fabrics Coated with Inorganic Hybrid Material. Molecules, 25(23), 5701.

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Tricyclazole Inhibition of Melanin Synthesis

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Tricyclazole was used as inhibitor of pentaketide melanin biosynthesis to evaluate the pathway of DHN melanin synthesis (Franzen et al. 2006 ). All strains were cultured PDA medium with 50 mg/L tricyclazole at 25 °C for 7 days.
Laccase and tyrosinase enzymes activities were tested according to Laufer et al. (2006) (link). Both strains were cultured on PDA medium at 25 °C for 7 days. Total protein extraction and purification were carried out as described previously. 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazolinsulfonate) (ABTS) (Sigma) and syringaldazine (Sigma) were used as substrate of laccase activity test, while DOPA (Sigma) and tyrosine (Sigma) were used as substrate of tyrosinase as described by Laufer et al. (2006) (link).
For the light effects experiment, both strains were grown on PDA medium (Chen et al. 2014 (link)). Cultures were exposure to a light and incubated at 25 °C for 7 days.

Li X.Q., Guo B.L., Cai W.Y., Zhang J.M., Huang H.Q., Zhan P., Xi L.Y., Vicente V.A., Stielow B., Sun J.F, & de Hoog G.S. (2016). The role of melanin pathways in extremotolerance and virulence of Fonsecaea revealed by de novo assembly transcriptomics using illumina paired-end sequencing. Studies in Mycology, 83, 1-18.

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Assay Reagents for Enzymatic Analyses

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2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), promazine hydrochloride, syringaldazine, 1-naphthol, 2-naphthol, vanillin, galangin, kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin, fisetin, gallic, syringic, synapic, cinnamic, vanillic, chlorogenic acids, veratryl alcohol, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa), metal salts, and hydrogen peroxide were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland. Methyl syringate purchased from Lancaster Synthesis, Ward Hill, MA, USA, was additionally recrystallized from ethanol. 2,6-dimethoxyphenol was obtained from Alfa Aesar, Kandel, Germany. Methanol, p-coumaric, o-coumaric, m-coumaric, ferulic, and caffeic acids were obtained from Fluka, Steinheim, Switzerland. N,N′-dimethylamine-4-(4-morpholine)benzene, 3-(10H-phenoxazin-10-yl)propanoic acid and 2-(10H-phenoxazin-10-yl)ethanol were prepared as described [44 (link)]. Catechol, hydroquinone, p-phenylenediamine, potassium hexacyanoferrate (II), and dyes were obtained from Reachim, Moscow, Russia. Molecular biology enzymes and kits were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Vilnius, Lithuania.

Radveikienė I., Vidžiūnaitė R., Meškienė R., Meškys R, & Časaitė V. (2021). Characterization of a Yellow Laccase from Botrytis cinerea 241. Journal of Fungi, 7(2), 143.

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Fungal Laccase Production and Characterization

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Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁), zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON), 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), 2,6-dimethoxy phenol (DMP), syringaldazine (SGZ), and methyl syringate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). FB₁ (fumonisin B₁) and OTA (ocharatoxin A) were purchased from Pribolab (Beijing, China). DNA polymerase, T4 ligase, acetonitrile, and trifluoroacetic acid were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Vanillin, p-coumaric, syringic acid, syringaldehyde, caffeic acid, 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT), gallic acid, isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG), and kanamycin were purchased from Solarbio (Beijing, China). Ni-NTA agarose was purchased from QIAGEN (Hilden, Germany). The fungal laccase from Ganoderma sp. was purchased from Sunson (Yinchuan, Ningxia, China). Plant extracts from E. brevicornu, C. sativus L., L. angustifolia, A. officinalis, and S. tenuifolia were purchased from Ciyuan Biotech (Xi’an, Shanxi, China). All other chemicals were of analytical grade or chromatographically pure, and were commercially available.

Wang X., Bai Y., Huang H., Tu T., Wang Y., Wang Y., Luo H., Yao B, & Su X. (2019). Degradation of Aflatoxin B1 and Zearalenone by Bacterial and Fungal Laccases in Presence of Structurally Defined Chemicals and Complex Natural Mediators. Toxins, 11(10), 609.

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Laccase Activity Assay using Syringaldazine

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The enzymatic activity of laccase was assayed by the method described by Harkin and Obst [23 (link)]. To 2.5 mL of a solution of 50 mM sodium acetate at pH 4.5, were added 0.4 mL of a 0.5 M solution of syringaldazine (Sigma, Milan, Italy) in ethanol; 100 µL T. versicolor CF 294 culture filtrate were added to the solution and the reaction is monitored by UV-vis spectrophotometer (Beckman DU530 UV/VIS). Oxidation of syringaldazine was monitored through absorbance increase at 525 nm (ε = 65,000 M⁻¹ cm⁻¹). One unit of enzyme activity was defined as the amount of enzyme required to oxidize 1 μM of syringaldazine per min⁻¹.

Scarpari M., Bello C., Pietricola C., Zaccaria M., Bertocchi L., Angelucci A., Ricciardi M.R., Scala V., Parroni A., Fabbri A.A., Reverberi M., Zjalic S, & Fanelli C. (2014). Aflatoxin Control in Maize by Trametes versicolor. Toxins, 6(12), 3426-3437.

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Purification and Characterization of Ligninolytic Enzymes

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Guaiacol (2-methoxyphenol), 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol (DMP), Syringaldazine (4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde azine) (SGZ), Catechol (2-hydroxyphenol), Pyrogallol (2,3-dihydroxyphenol), ABTS (2,2ʹ-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)), Bradford reagent for protein assay, Sephadex G-100, DEAE-Sepharose, Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and β-mercaptoethanol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Company (USA). Ammonium sulfate for protein precipitation was supplied by Merck (Germany). The study also employed other compounds, all of which were of analytical grade and didn't require any further purification.

Elsayed A.M., Mahmoud M., Abdel Karim G.S., Abdelraof M, & Othman A.M. (2023). Purification and biochemical characterization of two laccase isoenzymes isolated from Trichoderma harzianum S7113 and its application for bisphenol A degradation. Microbial Cell Factories, 22, 1.

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Biochemical Reagents for Experimental Assays

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2,2′-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid; ABTS), syringaldazine (SGZ), Isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), acetosyringone (ACS) and Indigo Carmine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Universal DNA Purification Kit was purchased from Tiangen (Beijing, China). BugBuster Protein Extraction Reagent was purchased from Novagen (Merck, Billerica, MA, USA). All chemicals were of analytical grade or higher.

Ouyang F, & Zhao M. (2019). Enhanced catalytic efficiency of CotA-laccase by DNA shuffling. Bioengineered, 10(1), 182-189.

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Laccase-Mediated Oxidation Protocols

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Laccase from Trametes versicolor as a powder, TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl), syringaldazine (4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy benzaldehyde azine), citric acid and sodium citrate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Sweden). Octyl-β-glucoside was obtained from Anatrace Inc., Maumee, Ohio, USA. All the chemicals were of analytical grade. Acetic acid, hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide were from Merck (Germany). Acetonitrile and propanol-2 were purchased from VWR (Sweden).

Ngo N.T., Grey C, & Adlercreutz P. (2019). Chemoenzymatic synthesis of the pH responsive surfactant octyl β-D-glucopyranoside uronic acid. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 104(3), 1055-1062.

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Enzymatic Assay for Oxidative Enzymes

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Syringaldazine (4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde azine), ferulic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid), and veratric acid (3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid) were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), while l-asparagine was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). All other products used were of reagent or analytical grade and purchased locally.

Janusz G., Czuryło A., Frąc M., Rola B., Sulej J., Pawlik A., Siwulski M, & Rogalski J. (2014). Laccase production and metabolic diversity among Flammulina velutipes strains. World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology, 31(1), 121-133.

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