Testing was conducted in three Y-maze arms (each 77 cm [L] × 11.5 cm [W] × 35 cm [H]) arranged to form a continuous ‘runway’ (231 cm [L]), with the sides of the apparatus were wrapped in red cellophane to minimize reliance on extra-maze cues, with the top remaining exposed to permit optogenetic tethering and free mobility of the compartment door. The runway was segmented into four compartments (start box, object box, neutral box, and goal box) which were separable by stainless-steel guillotine door inserts. The entire stainless-steel grid floor was covered in opaque black Plexiglas, except for the goal box, which contained exposed grid flooring connected to a shock generator (Med Associates, VT, USA). A stainless-steel dish connected to a sucrose dispenser was presented at the end of the grid flooring (in the goal box), which the animals were required to traverse in order to obtain reward.
Shock generator
Manufactured by Med Associates
Sourced in United States
The Shock Generator is a device designed to generate and deliver controlled electrical shocks. It is a versatile laboratory instrument primarily used for research, testing, and educational purposes. The core function of the Shock Generator is to produce and apply precise electrical stimuli, allowing for the study of physiological responses or the testing of electronic equipment. The specifications and technical details of the Shock Generator can be provided upon request.
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Lab products found in correlation
6 protocols using shock generator
1
Reward-Driven Spatial Exploration Task
2
Learned Helplessness Paradigm for Depression-like Behaviors
3
Primate Cognitive Behavior Testing
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Experimental sessions were conducted in ventilated and sound-attenuating chambers. Monkeys were seated in custom-made primate chairs (Crist Instrument Co., Hagerstown, MD). One response lever (model ENV-610M, Med Associates, Inc., Georgia, VT) was mounted on the wall of the chamber in front of the monkey. Each press of a lever with a minimum downward force of approximately 0.25 N produced an audible click and was recorded as a response. Food pellets (Formula 05474, 1 g, Bioserve, Frenchtown, NJ) could be delivered to a tray located between the levers. Colored lights mounted above the levers could be illuminated to serve as visual stimuli. Child-size shoes were fitted with brass electrode plates and were connected to a shock generator (Med Associates; Georgia, VT). Electrode gel (Parker Laboratories, Inc.; Fairfield, NJ) was applied to the plates to facilitate contact between the plates and the monkeys’ feet.
4
Acute Stress Impacts VTA CRFr1 Expression
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To assess the impact of acute stress on VTA CRFr1 expression, all AS rats received a series of foot shocks before euthanasia. Rats were placed into an unfamiliar operant chamber where the stainless-steel rod floor was connected to a shock generator (Med-Associates, USA). In a single session, rats received three foot-shocks (5 mA) at random intervals over the course of 10 min. Rats were then transferred by hand into a novel cage where they were left for 20 min. Euthanasia was completed by rapid decapitation without anaesthesia. Brains were removed and the tissue block containing the midbrain was snap frozen over dry ice for in-situ hybridisation analysis. The remaining rats were similarly euthanised without any additional stress treatment.
5
Radial Maze Approach-Avoidance Conflict Task
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Behavioral testing for the approach–avoidance conflict task took place in a six-arm radial maze (Med Associates, VT) placed on a rotatable table elevated 80 cm from the floor. The maze consisted of six enclosed arms (45.7 cm [L] × 16.5 cm [H] × 9.0 cm [W]) stemming from a central hub compartment with six automatic stainless-steel guillotine doors allowing access to the arms. Arms were enclosed by Plexiglas walls and a removable Plexiglas lid, and contained a stainless grid floor connected to a shock generator (Med Associates). The entire maze was covered in red cellophane paper to block visibility of any extramaze cues, while enabling video recording of behavior via a video camera mounted above the apparatus. The end of each arm contained a receding well consisting of a stainless-steel tray that could be connected to a syringe pump for the delivery of liquid sucrose. Only three out of six arms were used at any one time in an experimental session, forming a Y-maze. The maze was wiped down with 70% ethanol solution after each session to eliminate odor traces, and the maze was randomly rotated left or right between days by varying degrees (60, 120, or 180) to minimize possible conditioning to intramaze cues or relative spatial location of the arms.
6
Spatial Memory Assessment in Y-Maze
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Behavioral testing was conducted in a three-arm Y-maze apparatus, as previously described (Nguyen et al., 2019 (link); Schumacher et al., 2018 (link); Schumacher et al., 2016 (link); Yeates et al., 2020 (link)). Briefly, each arm (50 cm [L] × 11.5 cm [W] × 35 cm [H]) was connected to a hexagonal central hub compartment (11.5 cm [W] × 35 cm [H]), with each arm wrapped in red cellophane to minimize reliance on extra-maze cues and arranged 120° relative to the adjacent arm. Arm entrances were blocked by stainless-steel guillotine doors. The grid flooring for each arm was connected to a shock generator (Med Associates, VT, USA) and led to a stainless-steel dish connected to a sucrose dispenser.
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