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7 protocols using 4 2 pyridylazo resorcinol

1

Metalloprotein Purification and Characterization

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Acetonitrile (MeCN), HCl (trace metal grade), NaClO4 H2O, ZnSO4·7H2O, 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol (PAR), and Triton X-100 were from Merck Millipore. Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride (TCEP), tryptone, yeast extract, LB Broth, agar, agarose, isopropyl-β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were purchased from Lab Empire. Ampicillin, chloramphenicol, 1,4-dithiothreitol (DTT) and Tris base were from Roth, pTYB21 vector and chitin resin from New England BioLabs, Chelex 100 resin from Bio-Rad, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (HEPES), 5,5ʹ-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) from TCI Europe. To eliminate trace metal ion contamination all pH buffers were treated with Chelex 100 resin (Bio-Rad) and degassed over 2 h prior to use. For the culture of E. coli, Luria–Bertani (LB) medium and agar plates were used.
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2

U(VI) Ion-Imprinted Polymer Sorbents

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The stock standard solutions of U(VI) were CPAchem, solution of Uranium 10.00 g/L in 5% nitric acid (Stara Zagora, Bulgaria). Working standard solutions were daily prepared by appropriate dilution with deionized water (DW) (Millipore Corp., Milford, MA, USA). All reagents were of analytical-reagent grade.
Methacrylic acid (MAA), trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA), 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol (PAR, as Na salt), uranyl acetate (UO2(CH3COO)2·6H2O) (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), and acetonitrile (ACN) (Labscan, Dublin, Ireland) were used to prepare the U(VI) ion-imprinted and non-imprinted polymer sorbents. Hydrochloric acid (Fisher Chemical™, Waltham, MA, USA) was used for uranium desorption. The pH value of water samples was adjusted with NH3 or HNO3.
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3

Quantification of Hydrogen Peroxide in Cucumber Roots

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H2O2 content was determined according to the method of Becana et al. [36 (link)]. Four roots of cucumber seedlings were homogenized in a cooled mortar with 3 mL of 5% trichloroacetic acid (TCA, Serva) and 0.1 g of active carbon. The homogenates were filtered through a membrane layer—miracloth (Biofuge fresco Heraeus, Kendro Laboratory Products, USA)—and centrifuged at 12,000 × g for 30 min at 4 °C. After centrifugation, the pellet was discarded, and the supernatant was used to determine H2O2 content. The reaction mixture contained 2.0 mL of a 0.1 mM potassium phosphate buffer at pH 8.4, 60 μL of the analysed extract, and 1 mL of the titanium reagent. The titanium reagent was prepared by mixing it in a 1: 1 (v/v) ratio 0.6 mM solution of 4-(2-pyridylazo) resorcinol and 0.6 mM potassium titanate oxalate (Sigma-Aldrich). The reference sample was 5% TCA. The absorbance of the complex formed was measured at a wavelength of 508 nm, and the H2O2 content in the tissue was read from the standard curve. The H2O2 content was expressed in nM·g−1 dry weight of roots. The assays were performed in 3 independent experimental repetition.
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4

Zinc-chelating Peptides from Sea Cucumber

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Zinc-chelating peptides (ZCPs, p-1, p-2 and p-3) derived from sea cucumber (Stichopus japonicus) hydrolysates were synthesized by ChinaPeptides Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). 4-(2-pyridylazo) resorcinol was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dithiothreitol (DTT) was purchased from BBI Life Science (Shanghai, China). Zinc sulphate heptahydrate (ZnSO4.7H2O) was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent (Shanghai, China). Potassium bromide (KBr) was purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China). All other chemicals were analytical grade and used without any further purification.
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5

Zinc Determination in CLIP170 Protein

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Cal27 or Fadu cells (1×107) were treated with 1 μM ATO for 0 to 24 h and harvested in IP lysis buffer (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Zinc finger protein CLIP170 was isolated by immunoprecipitation as described above. The zinc content was determined as previously described (Zhou et al., 2011 (link)). Briefly, the pH value in the samples was adjusted to 7 using sodium hydroxide, and the samples were incubated with 10 mM hydrogen peroxide at 4 °C for 1 h to release zinc from the CLIP170 protein. Zinc content was measured by adding 10 μL of 1 mM 4-(2-pyridylazo) resorcinol (Sigma-Aldrich) to 100 μL of protein sample and scanning the spectra at 350 to 520 nm on the SpectraMAX 190 microplate reader. Zinc content was represented and calculated from the absorbance at 493 nm using a standard curve.
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6

Spectrophotometric Quantification of Hydrogen Peroxide in Phytophthora infestans

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Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration was assayed spectrophotometrically using the titanium (Ti4+) method described by Becana et al. [54 (link)]. Hyphae (0.1 g) of P. infestans were homogenized in 1.6 mL of 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.8) (Chempur; Piekary Śląskie, Poland). After centrifugation (13,000 g for 25 min at 4 °C) the supernatant was collected and used for assays. The reaction mixture (1.5 mL) contained 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.8) (600 µL), enzymatic extract (400 μL), and titanium reagent (500 µL). Titanium reagent was prepared on the day of the assay by mixing 0.6 mM solution of 4-(2-pyridylazo) resorcinol (Sigma; Saint-Louis, MO, USA) and 0.6 mM potassium titanium tartrate (Sigma; Saint-Louis, MO, USA) at a 1:1 ratio. The concentration of H2O2 was determined by measuring absorbance at a wavelength of 508 nm against a calibration curve and expressed as µmol H2O2 per 1 g FW.
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7

Cellular Assay for Antiviral Evaluation

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Eugenol and 4-(2-pyridylazo) resorcinol were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), Zn (NO₃)₂, Tween 80, and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were procured from Merck company (Merck, Germany). Vero cells were obtained from the Pasteur Institute in Tehran, Iran.
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