Sevencompact s220k

Cheese samples were analyzed in duplicate for measurement of dry matter using oven‐drying method at 102 ± 1°C (IDF, 1982 ), fat by the Van Gulik method (Ardo & Polychroniadou, 1999 ), and the total nitrogen by the micro‐Kjeldahl method (IDF, 1993 ). For pH measurement, 10 g of grated cheese was mixed with 10 mL of distilled water, and the pH value of the resultant slurry was monitored using a digital pH meter (model SevenCompact S220K, Mettler‐Toledo, Greifensee, Switzerland). The values of titratable acidity (% LA) in the cheeses were determined according to the method described by Manzo et al. (2019 ) based on titration of diluted cheese samples with NaOH (0.1 N).

The moisture content and crude ash content of APS and APY were determined in accordance with the techniques described by the official AOAC method (1990) [47 ]. The pH was measured with a pH meter (Seven Compact s220-k, Mettler Toledo, Greifensee, Switzerland) by taking 5 mL of APS and APY. The titrated acidity was diluted 10-fold by mixing 45 mL of distilled water with 5 mL of supernatant of the samples. The supernatant was obtained from APS and APY by centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 30 min (Combi 524R, Hanil, Daejeon, Korea) and titrated with 0.1 N NaOH solution until the pH reached 8.4. The viscosity of the samples was measured using a viscometer (Brookfield Digital Viscometer, Model DV III+, Brookfield Engineering Laboratories Inc., Stoughton, MA, USA) with an RV6 spindle at 20 rpm for 2 min at 25 °C. The colorimetric evaluation of the samples was measured using a colorimeter (CR-10 Plus, Konica Minolta, Tokyo, Japan) to obtain the colorimetric parameters, lightness (L*), green–red chromaticity coordinate (a*), and blue–yellow chromaticity coordinate (b*). The color differences (ΔE*) between the control and samples were calculated with the equation: $${\mathsf{\Delta }\mathrm{E}}^{*}={\left[{\left({\mathsf{\Delta }\mathrm{L}}^{*}\right)}^2+{\left({\mathsf{\Delta }\mathrm{a}}^{*}\right)}^2{\left({\mathsf{\Delta }\mathrm{b}}^{*}\right)}^2\right]}^{\left(1/2\right)}$$
A white calibration plate with the values L = 91.55, a = −0.32, and b = 0.28 was used to calibrate the apparatus before the measurements were carried out.

The concentrations of U were measured by inductively coupled plasma—optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES, VISTA MPX AXIAL, VARIAN, Mulgrave, Australia). Instrumental parameters were optimized to achieve optimal signal-to-background ratio, according to the Instrument Manual.
The particle’s shape was determined by a scanning electron microscope (SEM, JEOL JSM-5500, Tokyo, Japan). Specific surface area and pore size distribution were measured through nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms at 77 K using a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analyzer (Quantachrome NOVA 1200e, Quantachrome, Boynton Beach, FL, USA). Elemental analysis was performed using the Euro EA CHNS-O elemental analyzer (EuroVector, Redavalle, Italy). A pH meter (Mettler Toledo; Seven Compact S220-K, Greifensee, Switzerland) was used for pH measurements. In order to separated polymer particles and extracted metal ion, solution in batch experiments, a centrifuge EBA 20 (DJB Labcare Ltd., Newport Pagnell, UK) was used.