Time-lapse experiments with B. abortus strains were performed from cultures in exponential phase in liquid Plommet–erythritol containing K2HPO4 (0.92 g l−1), KH2PO4 (3 g l−1), Na2S2O3 (0.1 g l−1), NaCl (5 g l−1), Nicotinate (0.2 g l−1), Thiamine (0.2 g l−1), (NH4)2SO4 (0.5 g l−1), Pantothenate (0.07 g l−1), Erythritol (2 g l−1), MgSO4·7H2O (10 g l−1), MnSO4 (1.1 g l−1), FeSO4·7H2O (1 g l−1) and Biotine (1 g l−1). Cultures were spread on a sealed Plommet–erythritol agarose 1% pad. Images were automatically taken every 20 min at 32 °C with NIS-Element software (Nikon).
Imaging of E. coli strains was performed using either a Nikon Eclipse 80i microscope equipped with a Hamamatsu Orca II-ER camera ( × 100 differential interference contrast or phase-contrast objectives, optivar × 1.5 when appropriate) or a Nikon Eclipse Ti-U with a Hamamatsu Orca-ER LCD camera ( × 100 phase-contrast objective). Images were processed with Metamorph software (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA).