Dls system

Hydrodynamic particle size
analysis of DTX-SLMNPs was performed with a MALVERN ZETASIZER NANO
ZS model DLS system. The prepared samples were dispersed in 1 mg/mL
water, and the particle size and zeta potential measurements were
performed.
In order to determine the morphology and particle
size of MNPs, SLNs, and SLMNPs, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
images were obtained with a JEOL-JEM 2100F model transmission electron
microscope with a FEG electron gun operating under an accelerating
voltage in the range of 80–200 kV.
The X-ray diffraction
(XRD) patterns of MNPs and SLMNPs were analyzed
by Thermo Scientific ARL K-alpha X-ray diffraction.
The magnetic
properties of MNPs and SLMNPs were determined with
a Dexing Magnet VSM 550 system. The magnetic moment of each dry sample
was measured by applying a magnetic field between −3000 and
+3000 Gauss. Then, the magnetic moment (emu) values obtained against
Gauss were divided by the sample amount, and emu/g values were found.
By drawing Gaussian versus emu/g graphs, the point at which the magnetic
particle reaches magnetic saturation is determined in emu/g.

Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis involving particle size and zeta potential measurements was carried out using a DLS system (Malvern Instrument Ltd., Malvern, UK). High-resolution microscopy was performed using a transmission electron microscope (TEM, Thermo Fisher Talos F200S, US). The Ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) absorption of nanoparticles is determined by UV–vis spectrophotometer (UV-1780, Shimadzu, Japan). The fluorescence spectra of nanoparticles are determined by a multi-functional ultraviolet enzyme labeling instrument (SpectraMax 190, USA).
During the process of IDG NPs preparation, the supernatant after centrifugation is used to estimate the loading capacity of ICG and DOX in IDG NPs. UV–vis spectrophotometer was used to quantitate the amount of free ICG or free DOX by determining the UV–vis absorption peak of ICG at 780 nm or DOX at 490 nm. Finally, the drug loading efficiency (LE) and encapsulation efficiency (EE) were calculated by the results of UV–vis.

TEM images were taken with a JEM-2010 (JEOL, Japan). Ultraviolet–visible spectra were recorded by a UV-2450 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan). Hydrodynamic diameters and ζ-potentials were measured by a DLS system (Malvern, UK). Cell viability and urease activity assays were measured by a multi-mode microplate reader (Bio-Tek, USA). A Raman imaging microscope system was used to record the Raman spectra with 633 nm laser excitation (Renishaw, UK). A Minispec MQ60 60 MHz TD NMR broadband spectrometer (Bruker, Germany) was used to measure T₂ relaxivity. T₂-weighted MR imaging was taken by the 1.5 T small animal MR scanner (Shinning Globe MRI 1.5 T, China). Gram-stained slices were observed using a BX 51 microscope (Olympus, Japan). Confocal laser scanning microscopy was performed using an FV 1000 laser confocal microscope (Olympus, Japan).