Tfk 1 cell line

The human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines HuCCT-1, HCCC-9810 and RBE were purchased from the RIKEN bioresource Center (Saitama-ken, Japan). The TFK-1 cell line was purchased from DSMZ (Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany). Cells were cultured in Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640 (RPMI 1640, Thermo Fisher Scientific, New York, USA) medium with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific) at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere comprising 5% CO₂. All cell lines were tested for mycoplasma contamination (Genecreate Biological engineering Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China).

The TFK-1 cell line was purchased from DSMZ (Braunschweig, Germany) and the QBC939 cell line was provided by the Third Military Medical University (Chongqing, China). TFK-1 and QBC939 cells were cultured and maintained in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO₂ at 37°C, in RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% antibiotic-antimycotic (all Gibco-BRL, Carlsbad, CA, USA). DAC was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).