All images were acquired at the time of simulation, prior to the start of treatment. For both training and validation sets, T1-weighted MRI was acquired using Siemens Magnetom Espree 1.5 T scanner (Siemens Medical Systems, Erlangen, Germany) with a turbo spin echo sequence post-Gd administration (TE = 8.9 ms, TR = 577 ms, flip angle = 150°, matrix size = 256 × 256, pixel size ranged from 0.8 × 0.8 mm2 to 1.1 × 1.1 mm2 depending on the field of view defined at simulation, and slice thickness = 3 mm). To reduce bias and improve interpretation of the image features, MR images were resampled such that the in-plane pixel size was consistently 0.89 × 0.89 mm2, which was the size for majority of the patients. CT images were acquired using a 16-slice Philips Brilliance Big Bore scanner (Philips, Andover, MA) with tube voltage 120 kVp and exposure of 200 mAs. Images had 512 × 512 pixels with a pixel size of 1.2 × 1.2 mm2, and a slice thickness of 3 mm. CT images with metal artifacts (most commonly caused by dental fillings and implants) were corrected using Metal Artifact Reduction for Orthopedic Implants reconstruction. However, patients with severe artifacts were excluded in the image analysis to avoid undesirable strong influence to the image features and analysis.
Magnetom espree 1.5 t scanner
Manufactured by Siemens
Sourced in Germany
The Magnetom Espree 1.5 T scanner is a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system manufactured by Siemens. It is a 1.5 tesla MRI scanner designed for diagnostic imaging purposes.
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4 protocols using magnetom espree 1.5 t scanner
1
MRI and CT Imaging Protocol for Radiomics Analysis
2
Multimodal Brain Imaging Protocol for Clinical Evaluation
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Brain MRI and MRA were performed using a Magnetom Espree 1.5T scanner (Siemens Healthcare GmbH) in Oulu, an Ingenia 1.5T scanner (Philips Healthcare) in Turku, and Avanto 1.5T scanners (Siemens GmbH) in Helsinki, Kuopio, and Tampere. The brain MRI protocol included the following pulse sequences: T1-weighted spin-echo (SE) sagittal, T2-weighted SE axial, T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery axial, T1-weighted 3-dimensional inversion recovery SE coronal, axial diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), and 3-dimensional time-of-flight MRA. After administering gadolinium contrast agent (0.2 mL/kg) (Dotarem; Guerbet), T1-weighted SE axial and T1-weighted SE coronal sequences were conducted.
Viewing applications for diagnostic radiology, which comprised picture archiving and communication systems or digital imaging and communications in medicine, were used to evaluate the MRI scans, namely, neaView (Neagen) in Oulu, Sectra Workstation IDS7 version 19.1.10.3584 (Sectra AB) in Kuopio, and Agfa Impax version 6.6.1.5551 2017 (Agfa Healthcare N.V.) in Helsinki. Radiologists from 3 hospitals evaluated the MRI scans, all of which were reevaluated by M.S.-P.
Viewing applications for diagnostic radiology, which comprised picture archiving and communication systems or digital imaging and communications in medicine, were used to evaluate the MRI scans, namely, neaView (Neagen) in Oulu, Sectra Workstation IDS7 version 19.1.10.3584 (Sectra AB) in Kuopio, and Agfa Impax version 6.6.1.5551 2017 (Agfa Healthcare N.V.) in Helsinki. Radiologists from 3 hospitals evaluated the MRI scans, all of which were reevaluated by M.S.-P.
3
Neonatal Brain MRI Acquisition Protocol
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The neonate's cranial MR was refined within one week after vital signs were stable (off oxygen). Brain MRI was performed with a Siemens Magnetom Espree 1.5-T scanner (Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany) using phased array surface coils. The scanning sequence includes T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and diffusion-weighted imaging. Infants were first fed, tightly swaddled, and had earplugs inserted; and then infants were scanned during sleep. Before the scan, the vital signs of the neonates were stable. To prevent artifacts caused by head movement, all newborns received phenobarbital at a dose of 5 mL/kg with parental consent and kept quiet. Infants were monitored using an oxygen saturation probe. The images were analyzed by a pediatric neurologist and by radiologists at the Children's Hospital of Fudan University.
4
Measuring White Matter Integrity via MRI
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Participants underwent a non-contrasted MRI scan of the brain for up to nine minutes to measure white matter parameters. Examinations were performed in a Siemens MAGNETOM ESPREE 1.5T scanner with SyngoDTI tractography. This technique uses diffusion tensor data, and allows for the three-dimensional viewing of specific white matter tracts. A gradient echo with an echo planar imaging readout 18 (link) . Images were evaluated for Eddy current correction distortion and brain extraction, and FA images were created for all subjects via diffusion tensor calculation. Individual FA maps were registered using a non-linear algorithm, which uses a b-spline representation of the registration warp field 19 (link) . The FMRIB58 standard-space was used as reference (target) for the registration (http://www.fmrib.ox.ac. uk/fsl/data/FMRIB58_FA.html). Next, an average FA image of all individuals was created and from this, an average FA skeleton, representing the center of all tracts that a group had in common, was constructed. Individual FA images were then aligned and projected onto this skeleton to obtain a resulting image that was used to perform voxel-wise statistics between individuals; FA > 0.3 was used to exclude peripheral tracts due to significant variability among individuals.
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