Propan 2 ol

Biocompatibility was tested by MTT assay on WS1, a human fibroblast cell line (American Type Culture Collection, ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). Cells were seeded at 5000 cells per well in a 96-well plate (Corning^®, NY, USA) in DMEM supplemented with D-glucose (4.5 g/L), 10% FBS (v/v) and 2 mM L-glutamine (Euroclone S.p.A., Milan, Italy). After incubation in 5% CO₂/ humidified air at 37 °C for 24 h, cells were treated with microemulsions and AZT solution (containing an equivalent amount of AZT dissolved in a mixture of ethanol and water; 60:40, v/v) at increasing drug concentrations (0.4, 2, 4, 20 and 40 µg/mL). At 24 h of treatment, 10µL of 3-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) (5 mg/mL stock solution) (Merk KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) was added to each well and the plate was incubated for 4 h. After 4 h, the cell culture medium was removed and the formazan crystals were solubilized by adding 100 µL/well of propan-2-ol (Merk KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). The absorbance at 570 nm was measured and recorded with a plate reader (TECAN, Männedorf, Switzerland). The sample absorbance at 690 nm was used as reference wavelength for correction.

Cellular metabolic activity, as an indicator of cell viability and cytotoxicity, was measured by MTT assay in OS cells after 48 h and 72 h treatments. Briefly, 10µL of 3-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) (5 mg/mL stock solution) (Merk KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) were added to each well, and the plate was incubated for 2 h (5% CO₂/humidified air at 37 °C). After 2 h, the cell culture medium was removed, and the formazan crystals were solubilized by adding 150µL/well of propan-2-ol (product reference, 34863; Merk KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). The absorbance at 570 nm was measured and recorded with a multimode plate reader EnSpire^® (PerkinElmer, Waltham, USA). The sample absorbance at 690 nm was used as a reference wavelength for correction. All the experiments were performed in four replicates.
To test the selectivity of the most active molecules against cancer cells, normal human fibroblasts WS1 were treated for comparison. Cells were seeded and, after adhesion, the medium was removed and replaced with fresh medium containing 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 µM of the selected compounds. DMSO was used as a negative control. At 48 h of treatment, the cellular metabolic activity was measured by the MTT assay, as previously described.

Lead iodide (PbI₂, 99.99% trace metal basis) and lead bromide (PbBr₂, >98%) were purchased from TCI Chemicals. Methylammonium bromide (MABr) and formamidinium iodide (FAI) were purchased from Greatcell Solar Materials. Potassium iodide (KI, 99.999%) and cesium iodide (CsI, 99.999%) were purchased from Fisher Scientific and Sigma-Aldrich, respectively. [2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl] phosphonic acid (2PACz, >98.0%) was purchased from TCI Chemicals. [6,6]-phenyl-C₆₁-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM, 99%) was purchased from Solenne BV. PM6 was purchased from Solarmer Materials. Tin(IV) oxide (SnO₂ nanoparticles, 15 wt% in water) was purchased from Alfa Aesar. Dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.8%), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, anhydrous 99.9%), anisole (99.7%), propan-2-ol (IPA, 99.95%), and chlorobenzene (CB, 99.8%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Ethanol (>95%) was purchased from Acros Organics.

Prior to their usage, Ti₆Al₄V alloy plates (purchased from Goodfellow) were solvent-cleaned, i.e., ultrasonicated for 15 min in pure tetrahydrofuran (≥98%, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), propan−2-ol (≥98%, Sigma-Aldrich), and ethanol (≥98%, Sigma-Aldrich). BSA (≥98%, Sigma-Aldrich) and LYZ (≥98%, Sigma-Aldrich) proteins were dissolved in phosphate buffer saline solution (PBS, pH = 7.4, Sigma-Aldrich) with concentrations of 0.1 g/L, 2.0 g/L, and 4.0 g/L.