Nutrient agar na

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany

Nutrient Agar (NA) is a general-purpose culture medium used for the growth and isolation of a wide range of microorganisms. It provides a rich source of nutrients to support the growth of diverse bacterial and fungal species. The medium contains peptone, beef extract, and agar, which serve as sources of carbon, nitrogen, and solidifying agent, respectively. Nutrient Agar is commonly used in microbiology laboratories for routine cultivation, isolation, and maintenance of microbial cultures.

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Nutrient agar (229 citations)

8 protocols using nutrient agar na

Microbial Cultures Preparation and Standardization

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P. aeruginosa (ATCC
27853), S. aureus (ATCC 25923), methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA: a clinical isolate), and C. albicans (ATCC 10231) cultures were obtained from
the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University
of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka. Stock cultures of bacteria and Candida were maintained on Nutrient Agar (NA, Sigma-Aldrich,
USA) slants and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA, Sigma-Aldrich, USA)
slants. In order to obtain 24 h fresh microbial cultures, test strains
were subcultured on Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) agar plates (Sigma-Aldrich,
USA) and incubated at 35 °C for 24 h.
The standard inocula
of test strains were prepared by dissolving few colonies obtained
from 24 h fresh microbial cultures in BHI broth and adjusting the
turbidity of the inoculum by comparing with a 0.5 McFarland scale.

Madhusha C., Rajapaksha K., Munaweera I., de Silva M., Perera C., Wijesinghe G., Weerasekera M., Attygalle D., Sandaruwan C, & Kottegoda N. (2021). A Novel Green Approach to Synthesize Curcuminoid-Layered Double Hydroxide Nanohybrids: Adroit Biomaterials for Future Antimicrobial Applications. ACS Omega, 6(14), 9600-9608.

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Antimicrobial Efficacy of UVC Beam

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The prototype device comprises a 265-nm (Figure 6) (Photon Therapeutics; Oldsmar, UK) detailed earlier [18 (link)]. Briefly, it contains a hemispheric ball lens, which is protected by a rubber sheath 8 mm length, projecting a spot size of 4.5 mm, resulting in an intensity of 1.93 mJ/cm² at the target distance, as confirmed with a calibrated UVC light meter (Solar meter Model 8.0 UVC, Solartech Inc, Harrison Twp, MI, USA). Power was supplied by a 9 V DC regulated adapter with an additional current limiting circuit [18 (link)].
Bacterial lawns were freshly prepared on Nutrient Agar (NA; Sigma Aldrich, St. louis, MO, USA) and fungal lawns were made on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA: Merck Ga A, Damstadt, Germany) plates from the previously prepared suspensions. The plates were exposed to 4.5 mm diameter UVC beam for 15 and 30 s at an 8 mm distance. After 24 h incubation at 37 °C for bacteria or 2 days incubation at 37 °C for C. albicans and 4 days incubation at 25 °C for F. solani, the efficacy of the UVC beam was examined by investigating the diameter of the treatment zone, using a digital colony counter (Stuart Company, London, UK). A total of three horizontal and three vertical measurement of the inhibition zone were made and the average and standard deviation was reported.

Dumpati S., Naroo S.A., Shah S, & Dutta D. (2022). Antimicrobial Efficacy of an Ultraviolet-C Device against Microorganisms Related to Contact Lens Adverse Events. Antibiotics, 11(5), 699.

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Sterilization of Gold Nanoparticles

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Prior to in vitro analysis, AuNP were first sterilized using the Tyndallization method and then used for the experiments. For this purpose, the washed AuNP were incubated in the steam of boiling water bath for 30 min and the microtube was placed at RT for 24 h. This procedure was repeated three times and the sterility of AuNP was checked by spreading a loop of AuNP on the surface of Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA, Sigma Aldrich, Prague, Czech Republic) and Nutrient Agar (NA, Sigma Aldrich, Prague, Czech Republic) plates and incubated at 30 °C and 37 °C for 5 days and 24 h, respectively^{53 (link)}.

Pourali P., Dzmitruk V., Benada O., Svoboda M, & Benson V. (2023). Conjugation of microbial-derived gold nanoparticles to different types of nucleic acids: evaluation of transfection efficiency. Scientific Reports, 13, 14669.

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Antibacterial Efficacy of ZnFe2O4 Nanoparticles

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The antibacterial activity of ZnFe₂O₄ NPs was evaluated by using disc diffusion assay against bacterial cultures of Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus). The qualitative assessment of the antibacterial effect was done using the Disk Diffusion test using the protocol of Jorgensen and Turnidge^{25 (link)}. The bacteria were pre-grown on Nutrient agar (NA, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO63103, USA) for 16 h at 37.0 ± 0.1 °C. The cultures were centrifuged and the bacteria were washed and suspended in distilled water, reaching a final concentration of 1 × 10⁵–1 × 10⁶ CFU mL⁻¹ (2.5 × 10⁵ CFU mL⁻¹) (colony-forming units (CFU) per milliliter)) for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. A concentration of 30 mg mL⁻¹ of ZnFe₂O₄ NPs was prepared in sterile water and dispensed by sonication. Sterile filter paper discs (5.0-mm) were saturated by zinc ferrite solution and placed above the culture and incubated at 37 ± 0.1 °C for 24 h after which the zone of inhibition was employed to evaluate the antibacterial results. The sterile filter paper was saturated with sterile water and used as control.

Moghanizadeh A., Ashrafizadeh F., Varshosaz J., Kharaziha M, & Ferreira A. (2021). RETRACTED ARTICLE: Noninvasive thrombectomy of graft by nano-magnetic ablating particles. Scientific Reports, 11, 7004.

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Characterization of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Agents

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Trolox (95%), 2ʹ-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)–ABTS–(98%), K₂S₂O₈ (99%), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), quercetin (95%), ethanol (99,8%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany) and used without further purification.
Analytical standards (apigenin, galangin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, chrysin, pinocembrin, gallic acid, abscisic acid, p‐coumaric acid, syringic acid, caffeic acid, caffeic acid phenyl ester—CAPE, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, ellagic acid, vanillic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid, t‐cinnamic acid, (+)–catechin, and (−)–epicatechin), from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany), were used to prepare individual 500 mg/L methanolic stocks. A 10 mg/L mixed working standard in methanol was obtained by appropriate dilution of individual stocks. Automatic pipettes and class A volumetric glass flasks were used.
Gradient grade methanol for liquid chromatography (99.9%), and formic acid (98–100%) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Aqueous solutions were prepared with deionized water produced by a Milli-Q Millipore system (Bedford, USA).
All chemicals for antimicrobial activity were microbiologically pure. Nutrient agar (NA) was purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany), and yeast extract peptone dextrose (YPD) from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany).

Nichitoi M.M., Josceanu A.M., Isopescu R.D., Isopencu G.O., Geana E.I., Ciucure C.T, & Lavric V. (2021). Polyphenolics profile effects upon the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of propolis extracts. Scientific Reports, 11, 20113.

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Isolation and Cultivation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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The bacterial strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 used in the present study was previously isolated aseptically from the outer ear infection, and then transported to the Microbiological Resources Center (Cairo MIRCEN), Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Egypt; to generate pure bacterial isolates. Nutrient Agar (NA) and Nutrient broth (NB) media used for cultivation of bacteria were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Company (St. Louis, USA).

Ali F.M., El-Gebaly R.H, & Hamad A.M. (2017). Combination of bacteriolytic therapy with magnetic field for Ehrlich tumour treatment. General physiology and biophysics, 36(3).

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Aeromonas hydrophila Infection Model

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Aeromonas hydrophila strain was dedicated by the microorganism bank of the Iranian Biological Resource Center (ATCC® 7966™). After transferring this bacterial culture Petri dishes into our well-equipped microbiology laboratory, isolation and suspension of mentioned strains were made from a culture of strain. Then, a loop of bacteria was inoculated into Luria–Bertani (LB) Broth (as an enrichment medium) (Merck Co, Germany), and a serial dilution was made. Then, confirmed bacteria were cultured in Nutrient (NA) Agar (Merck Co, Germany). Thereafter, 0.5. McFarland Standard was prepared as mentioned earlier to adjust the turbidity of the bacterial suspension. Here, viable counts of cultured bacteria (in the stationary phase) as CFU measured at OD_600nm were equivalent to 1.3 × 10⁸ CFU g⁻¹. Bacteria were resuspended and transferred to tanks at a final concentration of 1.3 × 10⁸ CFU g⁻¹. Of note, making an infectious model for the studied population of Zebrafish was measured out 56 days after starting our study [58 ].

Ehsannia S., Ahari H., Kakoolaki S., Anvar S.A, & Yousefi S. (2022). Effects of probiotics on Zebrafish model infected with Aeromonas hydrophila: spatial distribution, antimicrobial, and histopathological investigation. BMC Microbiology, 22, 167.

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Establishing Aeromonas hydrophila Infection Model

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Aeromonas hydrophila strain was dedicated by microorganism bank of Iranian Biological Resource Center (ATCC® 7966™). After transferring this bacterial culture petri dishes into our well-equipped microbiology laboratory, isolation and suspension of mentioned strains was made from culture of strain. Then, a loop of bacteria was inoculated into Luria-Bertani (LB) Broth (as an enrichment medium) (Merck Co, Germany), and a serial dilution was made. Then, con rmed bacteria were cultured in Nutrient (NA) Agar (Merck Co, Germany). Thereafter, 0.5. McFarland Standard was prepared as mentioned earlier in order to adjust the turbidity of bacterial suspension. Here, viable counts of cultured bacteria (in the stationary phase) as CFU measured at OD 600nm was equivalent to 1.3×10 8 CFU g - 1 . Bacteria were resuspended and transferred to tanks at a nal concentration of 1.3×10 8 CFU g - 1 . Of note, making an infectious model for studied population of Zebra sh was measured out 56 days after starting our study.

Ehsannia S., Ahari H., Kakoolaki S., Anvar S.A.A., & Yousefi S. (2021). Investigation of Spatial Distribution, Antimicrobial, and Histopathological Effects of Probiotics on Zebrafish Model Infected with Aeromonas Hydrophila Through Evaluation of IL-1β and TNF-α Genes Expression.

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