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5 protocols using anti rankl

1

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Inflammatory Markers

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Fixed joint tissues embedded in paraffin were cut into 7-µm-thick sections, dewaxed using xylene, dehydrated through an alcohol series, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, safranin O, or toluidine blue to detect proteoglycans. Endogenous peroxidase activity was quenched with methanol/3% H2O2. Immunohistochemistry was performed using a Vectastain ABC kit (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA). Sections were incubated with specific antibodies (i.e., anti-TNFα, anti-IL-1β, anti-IL-6, anti-IL-17, anti-RANKL, anti-VEGF, and anti-HIF-1α; all from R&D Systems) overnight at 4 °C. The tissue sections were then incubated with a biotinylated secondary antibody, followed by a streptavidin-peroxidase complex for 1 h. The final color product was developed using diaminobenzidine as the chromogen (DAKO, Carpinteria, CA, USA).
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2

Cytokine Regulation of RANKL-Mediated Osteoclastogenesis

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Recombinant human RANKL (rhRANKL) and M-CSF were purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA). NAC was obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Anti-human IL-17, anti-interferon γ (anti-IFN-γ), anti-IL-10, anti-IL-2, anti-IL-1β, anti-TNF-α, anti-IL-6, and anti-RANKL antibodies were purchased from R&D Systems.
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3

Cytokine-Induced Osteoclastogenesis Modulation

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Recombinant human IL-17 (20 ng/mL), IL-21 (20 ng/mL), IL-22 (20 ng/mL), and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) (25 ng/mL) were purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA). SKI306X (at 0 μg/mL, 1 μg/mL, 5 μg/mL and 10 μg/mL) were generously provided by the Life Science R&D Center of SK Chemicals (Seongnam, Korea). Anti-TNF-α, anti-IL-1β and anti-RANKL antibodies were purchased from R&D Systems.
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4

Western Blot Analysis of Vascular Cell Signaling

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Lysates were produced from VSMC cultures and diluted with Laemmli buffer (62.5mM TRIS-HCl pH 6.8, 25% (w/v) Glycerol, 2% (w/v) SDS and 0.01% (w/v) Bromophenol blue). Protein concentrations were determined using a Micro BCA Protein Assay (Pierce Thermoscientific). Equal quantities of protein were loaded into each well of a Mini-PROTEAN TGX gel (BIO-RAD) and SDS-PAGE was performed using the mini-PROTEAN tetra system (BIO-RAD). Sample proteins were then transferred to an Immuno-blot PVDF membrane (BIO-RAD) and detected using protein specific antibodies, horseradish peroxidase-conjugated antibodies and Pierce ECL Western Blotting Substrate (Pierce Thermoscientific).
The following antibodies were utilized: anti Phospho-p44/42 MAPK (ERK1/2) 1:2000 (Cell signaling), anti p44/42 MAPK (ERK1/2) 1:1000 (Cell signaling), anti phospho-STAT-3 1:2000 (Millipore), anti beta Actin as loading control 1:1000 (Abcam), anti SMα-actin 1:1000 (Dako), anti RANKL (R&D Systems), anti Rabbit IgG Peroxidase Conjugate (Sigma), anti goat IgG HRP (Santa Cruz Technologies, Santa Cruz, CA), anti mouse IgG peroxidase (Sigma).
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5

Osteoclast Differentiation and Modulation

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Osteoclasts were generated from SFMCs, as previously described (32 (link)). Cultures were stimulated with 25 ng/ml recombinant human (rh) macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) (Peprotech, London, UK) and 50 ng/ml rhRANKL (Abcam, Cambridge, UK). At each media change, stimulations were added, including rhPD-1Fc (1 μg/ml) (R&D Systems, Abingdon, UK), rhPD-L1Fc (1 μg/ml) (R&D Systems, Abingdon, UK), or anti-RANKL (denosumab, 5 μg/ml). All cultures were evaluated after 21 days for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity (B-Bridge International, CA, USA). Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) was measured by ELISA at days 4, 10, and 19 (R&D Systems).
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