Beas 2b cells

Transformed human bronchial epithelial cells, BEAS‐2B cells were purchased from Shanghai Cell Bank (Shanghai, China) and cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) (Harry Biotech) supplemented with 15% foetal bovine serum (FBS) (Gibco, 10,099‐141). Then, cells were seeded on 6‐well culture dishes at 1.5 × 10⁵ cells/mL. Experiments were performed when cells reached 70%‐80% confluence. Recombinant soluble human TGF‐β1 (Pepro Tech, 100‐21) was used to induced apoptosis (30 ng/mL, 72 hours) and EMT (10 ng/mL, 48 hours) in vitro, respectively. All experiments were conducted in triplicates and repeated three times.

NSCLC cell lines (A549 and NCI-H1299) and normal pulmonary bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells were purchased from the Shanghai Cell Bank (Shanghai, China). All the cell lines were cultured in RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 IU/mL penicillin, and 100 μg/mL streptomycin, which were maintained in a humidified environment of 5% CO₂ at 37 °C. Notably, these cells were tested for mycoplasma contamination.