Tl 20w 12 rs

After pretreatment and incubation, the culture medium was removed, and cells were covered with a thin layer of DPBS. Cells were irradiated with 20 mJ/cm² UVB, using two UVB broadband tubes (TL-20W/12 RS; Philips, Eindhoven, The Netherlands). For the HPRT gene mutation assay, the UVB dose was reduced to 10 mJ/cm², as it was found to be the most mutagenic for CHO cells (Figure 2). The proper dosage of UVB was determined by a UVX Digital Radiometer (UVP Inc., San Gabriel, CA, USA). After irradiation, the DPBS was replaced by DMEM supplemented as described above.

Keratinocyte irradiation was performed using two UVB lamps (TL20W/12RS; Philips Lighting, Holding, Amsterdam, Netherlands). UVB irradiance was measured using the UV light meter UV-340 (Lutron Electronics, Coopersburg, PA).

Test samples were suspended in purified water containing processed starch (starch sodium octenyl succinate) as emulsifier and 0.3 mL was orally administered to each mouse using a sonde every day for 14 days. All of the glucosylceramide samples were prepared on the day of administration.
A single dose of UVB (200 mJ/cm²) irradiation was applied to the back skin of each mouse using a Philips UVB lamp (TL20W/12 RS; Philips, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) at day 7 after the first administration (only one time irradiation of UVB). Collection of stratum corneum and dorsal skin sections from half of the mice was performed under anesthesia at day 3 after UVB irradiation. Table 2 shows the experimental schedule of this manuscript.

Col-0 (WT) seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana were grown on Jiffies (Jiffy-7 Peat Pellets, Jiffy Products International AS), as nine plants per Jiffy. After sowing, the seeds were placed in darkness for three days at 4 °C before being transferred to short-day conditions (8 h light, 22 °C) as previously described [6 (link)]. Five-week-old seedlings were evenly sprayed with 1 mM flg22 solution or water as a mock control. To let the effects of flg22 treatment develop, the sprayed plants were incubated for one hour in darkness and were then exposed to UV-B or VIS-light as a control for four hours. A 3 mm thick glass plate was used to constrict the UV-B radiation emitted by two broadband UV-B lamps (Philips TL 20W/12 RS) with an emission spectrum from 290 to 315 nm, as described by Rizzini et al. [12 (link)] and two PROTEC.CLASS lamps (PLSL 18W/21) for concomitant white light supply (12.69 m² s⁻¹) to a natural level which is sufficient to induce photomorphogenic UV-B response (0.53 µmol m² s⁻¹), while the control plants exposed only to VIS light were shielded with two additional layers of polyester plastic foil (Folanorm SF/AS 0.13 mm, Folex GmbH). In total three independent biological replicates were investigated consisting each of four distinct treatments: Water/VIS-light control (C), flg22 treatment/VIS-light (F), water/UV-B treatment (U), and the flg22/UV-B co-treatment (F/U).

The hairless mice were divided into the following two groups, with 10 mice in each group: normal group and UVB group. Each group of ten mice was housed in a cage. The average amount of feed consumed daily in each group was calculated statistically as mice were individually weighed once per week through the entire experimental period. The hairless mice of the normal group were sham irradiated, while those of the UVB group were exposed to UVB radiation 3 times per week (12 AM) starting with 1 minimal erythema dose (MED, 1 MED = 55 mJ/cm²) for the first week. Then, the intensity was increased by 1 MED per week for up to 4 weeks, after which the mice were exposed to 4 MED for the duration of the experiment. The mice could move around freely in the cage during the period of exposure in a steel irradiation chamber. To mimic UV rays from sun, we used 10 fluorescent lamps (TL 20W/12RS; peak emission, 320 nm; wavelength, 275–390 nm; Philips, Amsterdam, Netherlands), and the UVB emission was monitored with a UV radiometer (VLX-3W; Vilber Lourmat, France). The irradiation intensity was measured at the bottom of the cage. After exposing mice to UVB radiation during week 6, mice of each group were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and liver tissue samples were collected.

Eight-week-old female brown guinea pigs were supplied by Central Laboratory Animal Inc. (Seoul, Korea). Animal experimental protocol was approved by the ethical committee of Kyung Hee University (no: KHU-12-04) and was carried out in accordance with the approved guidelines. Brown guinea pigs were kept in an air-conditioned room under a temperature 24 °C ± 1 and light/dark cycle at 12 h. After acclimation one week, brown guinea pigs were housed in individual cages. Guinea pigs were anesthetized using ketamine and rompun (4:1 ratio, 1 ml/kg) and five separate areas (1.5 cm × 1.5 cm) on the back of each animal were exposed to UVB radiation (six UVB lamps: TL 20W/12RS, Phillips). The total energy dose of UVB irradiation was 380 mJ/cm² per exposure. Five skin sites from three animals were exposed to the UVB irradiation three times a week for three consecutive weeks. MNQO was then applied topically to the UVB-induced areas once a day for five consecutive weeks. The vehicle (propylene glycol:ethanol:water = 5:3:2) was used as a control. Colorimeter (CR-300, Minolta, Japan) was applied once a week for five consecutive weeks to determine the L value (lightness). The difference of L value was measured: