C reactive protein (crp)

Plasma glucose was analyzed by enzymatic colorimetric assay (Glucose Oxidase kit; Instrumentation Laboratory, Warrington, United Kingdom) using an ILAB 650 Clinical Chemistry Analyzer (Instrumentation Laboratory). Plasma HbA1C concentration was analyzed via a Tosoh G8 HPLC semiautomated analyzer (Tosoh Bioscience, King of Prussia, PA). Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), and insulin concentrations were measured using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits (IL-6: R&D Systems Europe, Abingdon, United Kingdom; CRP: RayBiotech, Norcross, GA; insulin: IBL International, Hamburg, Germany).

Once the patients consented to participating in the study and before performing the cardiac catheterization, a total of 6 mL of peripheral venous blood was collected using tubes containing coagulation-activating gel. Blood samples were centrifuged, and the resultant sera were aliquoted and stored at −80 °C until use. Sera were thawed under standard conditions, and the levels of inflammatory markers were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, following the manufacturer’s recommended protocols. Adipokines: adiponectin (Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany; detection range 1.5–100 ng/mL), leptin (Millipore; 1.64–400 pg/mL), resistin (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA; 0.2–10 ng/mL), IL-6 (R&D Systems; 3.1–300 pg/mL), and tumoral necrosis factor (TNF-α; Invitrogen, Vienna, Austria; 0.5–32 pg/mL). Cardiac Markers: plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (Serpin E1/PAI-1; R&D Systems; 0.3–20 ng/mL), endothelin-1 (ET-1; R&D Systems; 0.4–25 pg/mL), serum amyloid A (SAA; Invitrogen, Frederick, MD, USA; 9.4–600 ng/mL), and CRP (RayBio, Norcross, GA, USA; 34.29–25,000 pg/mL).
Additionally, the levels of CK (40–129 U/L), CK-MB (0.3–4.88 ng/mL), pro-brain natriuretic peptide (Pro-BNP; 5–162.4 pg/mL), and cardiac troponin T (cTnT; 3–14 pg/mL) were measured using the Roche Cobas c701 automatic analyzer (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany).