Aconitine was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, United States). Secoiridoids of gentiopicroside, sweroside and swertiamarin were obtained from Yuanye Bio-Technology Co, Ltd (Shanghai, China). Veratriloside I, II, and III were extracted by our laboratory (Huang et al., 2016 (link)). The purities of the above substances were >98% as determined by HPLC-UV. All the compounds were dissolved in DMSO and then diluted in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM, Hyclone, Logan, UT, United States) to the desired concentrations. The final concentration of DMSO was 0.1% (v/v) (Figure 1B ).
Cell culture reagent of high glucose Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) was purchased from Hyclone (Logan, United States). Trypsin was purchased from Biosharp (Anhui, China), and fetal bovine serum (FBS) was provided by Sijiqing Co. Ltd. (Hangzhou, China). The detection kit of 2′, 7′- dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) was purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States). The cell-permeable calcium-sensitive fluorescent dye Fluo-3/AM was purchased from Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology (Shanghai, China). Fluro-4/AM was purchased from Invitrogen (Camarillo, CA, United States).
Cell culture reagent of high glucose Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) was purchased from Hyclone (Logan, United States). Trypsin was purchased from Biosharp (Anhui, China), and fetal bovine serum (FBS) was provided by Sijiqing Co. Ltd. (Hangzhou, China). The detection kit of 2′, 7′- dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) was purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States). The cell-permeable calcium-sensitive fluorescent dye Fluo-3/AM was purchased from Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology (Shanghai, China). Fluro-4/AM was purchased from Invitrogen (Camarillo, CA, United States).