Sonorex digiplus

The metals concentrations were determined using a high-resolution continuum source flame atomic absorption spectrometer ContrAA 700 (Analytik Jena AG, Jena, Germany) equipped with high-pressure xenon short-arc lamp XBO 301 (GLE, Berlin, Germany) operating in a “hot-spot” mode. High-purity acetylene (Air Liquide, Kraków, Poland) was used as fuel gas. The air-acetylene flame was used for the atomization of elements.
Refractive index was determined using a manual refractometer RL-1 (PZO, Warsaw, Poland) at a temperature of 21 °C. Spectrophotometer UV-VIS (Hitachi U-3900H, Tokyo, Japan ) was used for absorbance measurements and spectra recording, using a quartz cuvette of 1 cm optical path length. The pH measurements were carried out with pH meter inoLab pH Level 1 (WTW, Weilheim, Germany) equipped with a glassy electrode. Ultrasound bath Sonorex Digiplus (Bandelin, Germany) was used for degassing beer samples.

Lyophilized plant powder samples (100 mg each) were weighed accurately, and each was dissolved in 2 mL ethyl acetate–ethanol–water 1:1:1, V/V/V, ultrasonicated for 30 min (Sonorex Digiplus, Bandelin, Berlin, Germany), and centrifuged at 3000× g for 15 min (Labofuge 400, Heraeus, Hanau, Germany). Each supernatant (50 mg/mL) was transferred to an autosampler vial. The plant extracts (5 µL/band, if not stated otherwise) were applied (ATS 4, CAMAG) on HPTLC plates silica gel 60 F₂₅₄ (without F₂₅₄ indicator for SOS-Umu-C bioassay), separated with ethyl acetate–toluene–methanol–water 4:1:1:0.4, V/V/V/V, or toluene–ethyl acetate 7:3, V/V, up to a migration distance of 70 mm (about 20 min, Twin Trough Chamber, CAMAG) and detected under white light illumination (reflection and transmission mode), UV 254 nm, and FLD 366 nm (TLC Visualizer, CAMAG). Immersion (3 cm/s, 2 s, TLC Immersion Device, CAMAG) or piezoelectric spraying (blue nozzle, level 3, Derivatizer, CAMAG) was used for the effect-directed assays as follows.

AC, SMNC, SiO₂, and ZnO nanoparticles were selected for this study. Two different NP concentrations were considered, i.e., 1 and 5 wt.%, to be dispersed in Part B of the resin. First, 5 wt.% of nanoparticles were dispersed in Part B (hardener) by sonication (400 W, 50/60 Hz, UP400S Hielscher) for 10 min at room temperature, which was then vigorously mixed with Part A. After that, concrete structures were immersed in the resulting solution. The same procedure was carried out with 1 wt.% of NPs. In addition, this NP loading was dispersed in Part B via an ultrasonic bath (215/860 W, 50/60 Hz, Bandelin Sonorex Digiplus) for 10 min.