Hexane

The PAH4 standards benzo[a]pyrene (BaP, CAS No. 50-32-8), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF, CAS No. 205-99-2), chrysene (CHR, CAS No. 218-01-9), and benzo[a]anthracene (BaA, CAS No. 56-55-3) and internal standards (IS) 3-methylcholanthrene (CAS No. 56-49-5), chrysene-d12 (CAS No. 1719-03-5), and benzo[a]pyrene-d12 (CAS No. 63466-71-7) were obtained from Supelco, Inc. (Bellefonte, PA, USA). All materials and chemicals were of GC and HPLC analytical grade. Acetonitrile (ACN) (CAS No. 75-05-8), dichloromethane (DCM) (CAS No. 75-09-2), methanol (CAS No. 67-56-1), and hexane (CAS No. 110-54-3) were obtained from Burdick & Jackson (Muskegon, MI, USA). Sodium sulfate anhydrous (Na₂SO₄) (CAS No. 7757-82-6) 99% w/w purity; (Samchun Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea) was used for dehydration. Distilled water (CAS No. 7732-18-5) and N,N-dimethylformamide (CAS No. 68-12-2) were prepared using a Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). Kovax syringes (3 mL) were obtained from Korea Vaccine Co., Ltd. (Gyeonggi-do, Korea). Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane filters (0.45 mm) were purchased from Advantec Co., Ltd. (Chiyoda City, Japan). Sep-Pak Florisil cartridges (Waters Corp., Milford, MA, USA) were utilized for solid-phase extraction (SPE).

All reagents used in this study were of ACS reagent grade without any purification unless otherwise specified. Pelleted poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP), sodium chloride (NaCl), and silica nanoparticles (Ludox HS-40) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dimethylformamide (DMF), acetone, ethanol, hexane, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), and sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA) were purchased from VWR (Atlanta, GA, USA). The 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane monomer (FAS, Matrix Scientific, Columbia, SC, USA) was used to decorate the silica nanoparticle on the PVDF electrospun membrane. Mineral oil was purchased from Equate (Rogers, AR, USA) and was used to characterize surface hydrophobicity.

Hexane, ethanol >99.99%, ethyl acetate, all analytical grade, were obtained from VWR International (Darmstadt, Germany). Methanol, chloroform, methyl acetate, diethyl ether, n-Hexane, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, sulfuric acid, acetic acid and water were of analytical grade and were sourced from VWR International (Darmstadt, Germany). Primuline and acetone were of analytical grade and purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Analytical standard such as triolein (TAG), glyceryl dipalmitate (DAG) and stearic acid (FFA), (PC) phosphatidylcholine, (PE) phosphatidylethanolamine, (Lyso) lysophosphatidylcholine, (PI) phosphatitylinositol, mixture of FAMEs (Fatty Acids Methyl Esters), BSA and glucose were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Saint-Louis, MO, USA).

Cholinium hexanoate was synthesized and characterized as previously described [20 (link)]. Hexanoic acid (99.5%) and choline bicarbonate (~80% in H₂O) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Missouri, USA). The liquid crystal 4-cyano-4pentylbiphenyl (5CB) was obtained from TCI Europe (Zwijndrecht, Belgium). Toluene (pure), dichloromethane (>99%) and ethanol (absolute) were purchased from PanReac AppliCHem (Barcelona, Spain), n-hexane (95%) from ThermoFisher (Waltham, Massachusetts, USA) and acetone (100%) from LabChem (Zelienople, Pennsylvania, USA). Acetonitrile (purity ≥99.9%), chloroform, diethyl ether (high performance liquid chromatography [HPLC] grade), ethyl acetate, heptane, methanol were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Hampton, New Hampshire, USA), acetic acid glacial (purity ≥99.7%) and ethanol (≥99.8%) were obtained from Merck, and hexane from VWR (West Chester, Pennsylvania, USA). Solvents were of analytical grade and used as received.

Poly(ε-caprolactone) diol (PCLD, Mn = 2000 g/mol), dimethyl-sulfoxide (99.9 %, DMSO, stored on molecular sieve), 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI, reagent grade), Tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate (reagent grade) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany) and were used as received. D(+)-sucrose (puriss, Ph. Eur. 6.) from Reanal (Budapest, Hungary) was powdered and dried in a vacuum oven at 40 °C for overnight before use. Toluene (analytical grade), acetone (99.9%, HPLC grade) from Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany), methanol (HPLC grade) from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) and hexane (HPLC grade) from VWR (Debrecen, Hungary) were used without any purification.