Methylene chloride

Softwood (Picea abies L.) and hardwood (Eucalyptus grandis) lignins were obtained by the kraft process and purified according to the LignoBoost technology protocol [51 ]. The moisture content was 6.4% and 5.1%, respectively, and ash content was 0.6% and 1.2%, respectively. Methacryloyl chloride, styrene, bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate sodium salt, methylene chloride, trimethylamine, magnesium sulfate, and benzyl alcohol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. α,α’-bis-isobutyronitrile (AIBN) and divinylbenzene (DVB) were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) (62.2% of 1,4-divinylbenzene, 0.2% of 1,2-divinylbenzene, and ethylvinylbenzene were washed with 3% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution before use). Ethyl acetate (reagent grade) and ethanol (absolute) for the lignin fractionation were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Stockholm, Sweden), while methanol (analytical grade) was purchased from VWR (Stockholm, Sweden). Acetone, methanol, tetrahydrofuran (THF), chloroform, toluene, decan-1-ol, and acetonitrile for swelling studies were purchased from Avantor Performance Materials (Gliwice, Poland).

The model pesticide, TMX (97%) was purchased from Shanghai Bosman Industrial Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The commercial thiamethoxam water dispersible granule (TMX-WDG, 25%) was obtained from Syngenta Crop Protection Co., Ltd. (Jiangmen, China). Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC, 36 µm) and sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) were purchased from Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd., (Shanghai, China). Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with the hydrolysis of 87–90% and an average molecular weight of 30–70 kDa was obtained from Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Acetonitrile and methylene chloride were procured from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Distilled water used in this study was obtained from the Milli-Q water purification system (18.2 MΩ cm, TOC ≤ 4 ppb).

Xanthan gum (Xn), with a molar ratio of D-glucose:D-mannose:D-glucuronic:pyruvic acid ketal:O-acetyl of 3.0:3.0:2.0:0.6:1.7, and a molecular weight of approximately 2.5 × 10⁶ Da from CP Kelco, U.S., was used as matrix. Heparin sodium (Hep, >150 IU/mg) was acquired from Sigma-Aldrich and used as received. 4-toluenesulfonyl chloride (TsCl), pyridine (Py), methylene chloride, oleic acid, 4,4′-methylene dicyclohexyl diisocyanate (H12MDI), 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA), polyhexamethylene carbonate diol (PHC–M 2000), 1,4-butanediol (BD), and triethylamine (TEA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA).

Methanol (MO) extract and methylene chloride (MC) fixed oil were prepared from purslane seeds according to our previous report [22 (link)]. Purslane seeds were purchased from the local markets in Cairo-Egypt and were then authenticated by the senior botanist of El-Orman Garden (Giza, Egypt). Seeds were thoroughly ground to obtain a fine powder, and the extracts were prepared from 1 kg of ground purslane seeds by Soxhlet apparatus using absolute methanol (MO) or methylene chloride (MC) (Sigma Aldrich, USA) at ambient temperature. The extracts were then filtered and concentrated under vacuum conditions on a rotary evaporator at 40 °C, and then stored at -20 °C for further use.

Triethoxysilane, 4-nitrophenyl chloroformate (NPC), ethylenediamine, and acryloyl chloride were obtained from TCI Japan. 1-Decene, Pluronic F127, methylene chloride, and anhydrous triethylamine from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Petroleum ether from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Tokyo, Japan. No modifications or alterations were made to the chemicals before their use, ensuring reliable and accurate results. To obtain pure and deionized water, a Sartorius arium 611 UV water purification system was employed (Sartorius AG, Goettingen, Germany).

The standards of 8-iso-PGF_2α and its deuterated analogue (8-iso-PGF_2α-d4) were purchased from Cayman Chemicals (Ann Arbor, MI, USA); LC-MS-grade methanol (MeOH) was delivered by VWR Chemicals BDH (Avantor, USA); 98% formic acid, ethyl ethanoate, hexane, methylene chloride, and sodium phosphate monobasic were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MI, USA). Stock solutions of 8-iso-PGF_2α (1.0 mg/L), of 8-iso-PGF_2α-d4 (1.0 mg/L) and working internal standard solution of 8iso-PGF_2α-d4 (10 mg/L) were prepared in 50% MeOH. From separately prepared stocks, working solutions of 8-iso-PGF_2α were prepared in 50% MeOH with concentrations of 10, 16, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500 µg/L for the preparation of the calibration curve (CC) samples, and with concentrations of 10, 25, 250, and 400 µg/L for the preparation of the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) and quality control (QC) samples at three levels.

Ephedrine (purity 99.7%) and pseudoephedrine (purity 99.9%) were obtained from the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety in Korea (MFDS). 2-phenylethylamine (internal standard [IS], purity 100%), methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), and methylene chloride were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)grade acetonitrile and methanol were purchased from J.T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). A Milli-Q^® water purification system (Millipore Co., MA, USA) was used to obtain purified water for HPLC analysis. All other chemicals and solvents used were of the highest available analytical grade. OJS was provided by Hanpoong Pharmaceutical and Food Co. Ltd. (Wanju, Korea). The content of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, hesperidin, paeoniflorin, cinnamic acid, and glycyrrhizic acid was 1.2, 0.16, 5.7, 3.4, 64.8, and 1.2 mg/g crude material, respectively.